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25. Graham RG, Bergougnoum MA, Overend RP (1984) Fast pyrolysis of biomas. J Anal Appl
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38. Vardon DR et al (2011) Chemical properties of biocrude oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina algae, swine manure, and digested anaerobic sludge. Bioresour Technol
102(17):8295–8303
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subcritical water technologies. Energy 36(5):2328–2342
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91
19. Shan L et al (2018) Studies on combustion behaviours of single biomass particles using a
visualization method. Biomass Bioenergy 109:54–60
20. Bozaghian M, Rebbling A, Larsson SH, Thyrel M, Xiong S, Skoglund N (2018) Combustion
characteristics of straw stored with CaCO 3 in bubbling fluidized bed using quartz and olivine
as bed materials. Appl Energy 212:1400–1408
21. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) Biomass combined heat and power catalog
of technologies
22. Roni MS, Chowdhury S, Mamun S, Marufuzzaman M, Lein W, Johnson S (2017) Biomass
co-firing technology with policies, challenges, and opportunities: a global review. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 78:1089–1101
23. Moya D, Aldás C, López G, Kaparaju P (2017) Municipal solid waste as a valuable renewable energy resource: a worldwide opportunity of energy recovery by using waste-to-energy
technologies. Energy Procedia 134:286–295
24. Akhtar J, Amin NAS (2011) A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(3):1615–1624
25. Graham RG, Bergougnoum MA, Overend RP (1984) Fast pyrolysis of biomas. J Anal Appl
Pyrolysis 6:95–135
26. Azizi K, Keshavarz Moraveji M, Abedini Najafabadi H (2018) A review on bio-fuel production
from microalgal biomass by using pyrolysis method. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:3046–
3059
27. Czernik S, Bridgwater AV (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil.
Energy Fuels 18(2):590–598
28. Huff MD, Marshall S, Saeed HA, Lee JW (2018) Surface oxygenation of biochar through
ozonization for dramatically enhancing cation exchange capacity. Bioresour Bioprocess
5(1):1–9
29. Chaiwong K, Kiatsiriroat T, Vorayos N, Thararax C (2013) Study of bio-oil and bio-char
production from algae by slow pyrolysis. Biomass Bioenergy 56:600–606
30. Grierson S, Strezov V, Ellem G, Mcgregor R, Herbertson J (2009) Thermal characterisation
of microalgae under slow pyrolysis conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85(1–2):118–123
31. Gao L, Wang R, Shen G, Zhang J, Meng G, Zhang J (2017) Effects of biochar on nutrients and
the microbial community structure of tobacco-planting soils. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 17(4):884–
896
32. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee439/node/537
33. Xiu S, Shahbazi A (2012) Bio-oil production and upgrading research: a review. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 16(7):4406–4414
34. Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical
review. Energy Fuels 20:848–889. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0502397
35. Wang Q, Li X, Wang K, Zhu Y, Wang S (2010) Commercialization and challenges for the next
generation of biofuels: biomass fast pyrolysis. Asia-Pacific Power Energy Eng Conf APPEEC
36. http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/08/03/the-pyromaniax-class-of-2015-the-top10-pyrolysis-projects-in-renewable-fuels/
37. Central Pollution Control Board/Ministry of Environment & Forests & Climate Change (2016)
Study on plastic waste disposal through “plasma pyrolysis technology”
38. Vardon DR et al (2011) Chemical properties of biocrude oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina algae, swine manure, and digested anaerobic sludge. Bioresour Technol
102(17):8295–8303
39. Duan P, Savage PE (2011) Hydrothermal liquefaction of a microalga with heterogeneous
catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:52–61
40. Toor SS, Rosendahl L, Rudolf A (2011) Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: a review of
subcritical water technologies. Energy 36(5):2328–2342
41. Theegala CS, Midgett JS (2012) Hydrothermal liquefaction of separated dairy manure for
production of bio-oils with simultaneous waste treatment. Bioresour Technol 107:456–463
42. Behrendt F, Neubauer Y, Oevermann M, Wilmes B, Zobel N (2008) Direct liquefaction of
biomass. Chem Eng Technol 31(5):667–677