90
3 Advanced Technologies (Biological and Thermochemical) …
Generally, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol is complex and
expensive. Although the conversion technology for cellulosic ethanol has greatly
improved, there are still some challenges that limit its commercialization, among
which the major ones are the rigorous pre-treatments needed, the high cellulase costs
and structural hindrances of lignin and hemicellulose, the need for more robust industrial strains for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass,
and high capital costs of such complex processes [110]. Thus, a more promising
strategy needs to be employed to lower the production cost of cellulosic ethanol, in
order to compete with those of the fossil-derived fuels [109]. This could be achieved
by the biorefinery concept in which biomass such as lignocellulose could be converted
into multiple high-valued biochemicals and biomaterials in addition to bioethanol
[109].
References
1. Yang C, Jia L, Chen C, Liu G, Fang W (2011) Bio-oil from hydro-liquefaction of Dunaliella
salina over Ni/REHY catalyst. Bioresour Technol 102(6):4580–4584
2. Xu C, Etcheverry T (2008) Hydro-liquefaction of woody biomass in sub- and super-critical
ethanol with iron-based catalysts. Fuel 87(3):335–345
3. Yang Y, Gilbert A, Xu C (Charles) (2009) Production of bio-crude from forestry waste by
hydro-liquefaction in sub-/super-critical methanol. AIChE J 55(3):807–819
4. Wen D, Jiang H, Zhang K (2009) Supercritical fluids technology for clean biofuel production.
Prog Nat Sci 19(3):273–284
5. Devi L (2005) Catalytic removal of biomass tars; olivine as prospective in-bed catalyst for
fluidized-bed biomass gasifiers (Thesis). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
6. Municipal Waste Integration Network/Recycling Council of Alberta (2006) Municipal solid
waste (MSW) options: integrating organics management and residual treatment/disposal
7. Di Maria F, Sisani F, Contini S (2018) Are EU waste-to-energy technologies effective for
exploiting the energy in bio-waste? Appl Energy 230:1557–1572
8. Demirbas A (2007) Combustion systems for biomass fuel. Energy Sources, Part A 29(4):303–
312
9. Demirbas A (2007) Combustion of biomass. Energy Sources, Part A 29(6):549–561
10. Sadaka S, Johnson DM (2017) Biomass combustion. University of Arkansas, Devision of
Agriculture
11. Zhang L, Xu C (Charles), Champagne P (2010) Overview of recent advances in thermochemical conversion of biomass. Energy Convers Manag 51(5):969–982
12. Beyene HD, Werkneh AA, Ambaye TG (2018) Current updates on waste to energy (WtE)
technologies: a review. Renew Energy Focus 24:1–11
13. Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Anan Techato K (2018) The evolution of waste-to-energy
incineration: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 91:812–821
14. Suppes GJ, Storvick TS (2007) Production of electricity. In: Sustainable nuclear power
15. IEA Bioenergy Task 32 (2002) Biomass combustion and co-firing: an overview
16. Rover M, Smith R, Brown RC (2018) Enabling biomass combustion and co-firing through
the use of Lignocol. Fuel 211:312–317
17. Priyanto DE et al (2017) Co-firing high ratio of woody biomass with coal in a 150-MW class
pulverized coal boiler: properties of the initial deposits and their effect on tube corrosion.
Fuel 208:714–721
18. VGB PowerTech (2008) Advantages and limitations of biomass co-combustion in fossil fired
power plants
3 Advanced Technologies (Biological and Thermochemical) …
Generally, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol is complex and
expensive. Although the conversion technology for cellulosic ethanol has greatly
improved, there are still some challenges that limit its commercialization, among
which the major ones are the rigorous pre-treatments needed, the high cellulase costs
and structural hindrances of lignin and hemicellulose, the need for more robust industrial strains for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass,
and high capital costs of such complex processes [110]. Thus, a more promising
strategy needs to be employed to lower the production cost of cellulosic ethanol, in
order to compete with those of the fossil-derived fuels [109]. This could be achieved
by the biorefinery concept in which biomass such as lignocellulose could be converted
into multiple high-valued biochemicals and biomaterials in addition to bioethanol
[109].
References
1. Yang C, Jia L, Chen C, Liu G, Fang W (2011) Bio-oil from hydro-liquefaction of Dunaliella
salina over Ni/REHY catalyst. Bioresour Technol 102(6):4580–4584
2. Xu C, Etcheverry T (2008) Hydro-liquefaction of woody biomass in sub- and super-critical
ethanol with iron-based catalysts. Fuel 87(3):335–345
3. Yang Y, Gilbert A, Xu C (Charles) (2009) Production of bio-crude from forestry waste by
hydro-liquefaction in sub-/super-critical methanol. AIChE J 55(3):807–819
4. Wen D, Jiang H, Zhang K (2009) Supercritical fluids technology for clean biofuel production.
Prog Nat Sci 19(3):273–284
5. Devi L (2005) Catalytic removal of biomass tars; olivine as prospective in-bed catalyst for
fluidized-bed biomass gasifiers (Thesis). Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
6. Municipal Waste Integration Network/Recycling Council of Alberta (2006) Municipal solid
waste (MSW) options: integrating organics management and residual treatment/disposal
7. Di Maria F, Sisani F, Contini S (2018) Are EU waste-to-energy technologies effective for
exploiting the energy in bio-waste? Appl Energy 230:1557–1572
8. Demirbas A (2007) Combustion systems for biomass fuel. Energy Sources, Part A 29(4):303–
312
9. Demirbas A (2007) Combustion of biomass. Energy Sources, Part A 29(6):549–561
10. Sadaka S, Johnson DM (2017) Biomass combustion. University of Arkansas, Devision of
Agriculture
11. Zhang L, Xu C (Charles), Champagne P (2010) Overview of recent advances in thermochemical conversion of biomass. Energy Convers Manag 51(5):969–982
12. Beyene HD, Werkneh AA, Ambaye TG (2018) Current updates on waste to energy (WtE)
technologies: a review. Renew Energy Focus 24:1–11
13. Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Anan Techato K (2018) The evolution of waste-to-energy
incineration: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 91:812–821
14. Suppes GJ, Storvick TS (2007) Production of electricity. In: Sustainable nuclear power
15. IEA Bioenergy Task 32 (2002) Biomass combustion and co-firing: an overview
16. Rover M, Smith R, Brown RC (2018) Enabling biomass combustion and co-firing through
the use of Lignocol. Fuel 211:312–317
17. Priyanto DE et al (2017) Co-firing high ratio of woody biomass with coal in a 150-MW class
pulverized coal boiler: properties of the initial deposits and their effect on tube corrosion.
Fuel 208:714–721
18. VGB PowerTech (2008) Advantages and limitations of biomass co-combustion in fossil fired
power plants