Graphodatsky AS, Kukekova AV, Yudkin DV, Trifonov
VA, Vorobieva NV, Beklemisheva VR, Perelman
PL, Graphodatskaya DA, Trut LN, Yang F,
Ferguson-Smith MA, Acland GM, Aguirre GD
(2005) The proto-oncogene C-KIT maps to canid
B-chromosomes. Chromosom Res 13:113–122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-005-7474-9
Gregory TR (2011) The evolution of the genome. Elsevier Science, San Diego
Habig M, Kema G, Holtgrewe Stukenbrock E (2018)
Meiotic drive of female-inherited supernumerary
chromosomes in a pathogenic fungus. elife 7:
e40251. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40251
Habig M, Quade J, Stukenbrock EH (2017) Forward
genetics approach reveals host genotypedependent importance of accessory chromosomes
in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici.
MBio 8:e01919–e01917. https://doi.org/10.1128/
mBio.01919-17
Han Y, Liu X, Benny U, Kistler HC, VanEtten HD (2001)
Genes determining pathogenicity to pea are clustered on a supernumerary chromosome in the
fungal plant pathogen Nectria haematococca.
Plant J 25:305–314
Harr JC, Gonzalez-Sandoval A, Gasser SM (2016) Histones and histone modifications in perinuclear
chromatin anchoring: from yeast to man. EMBO
Rep
17:139–155.
https://doi.org/10.15252/
embr.201541809
Harr JC, Luperchio TR, Wong X, Cohen E, Wheelan SJ,
Reddy KL (2015) Directed targeting of chromatin
to the nuclear lamina is mediated by chromatin
state and A-type lamins. J Cell Biol 208:33–52.
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201405110
Hasegawa N (1934) A cytological study on 8chromosome Rye. Cytologia 6:68–77. https://doi.
org/10.1508/cytologia.6.68
Hatta R, Ito K, Hosaki Y, Tanaka T, Tanaka A, Yamamoto M, Akimitsu K, Tsuge T (2002) A conditionally dispensable chromosome controls hostspecific pathogenicity in the fungal plant pathogen
Alternaria alternata. Genetics 161:59–70
He C, Rusu AG, Poplawski AM, Irwin JAG, Manners JM
(1998) Transfer of a supernumerary chromosome
between vegetatively incompatible biotypes of the
fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Genetics
150:1459–1466
Helleu Q, Ge ´rard PR, Montchamp-Moreau C (2014) Sex
chromosome drive. Cold Spring Harb Perspect
Biol 7:a017616. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017616
Henikoff S, Malik HS (2002) Centromeres: selfish drivers. Nature 417:227. https://doi.org/10.1038/
417227a
Houben A (2017) B chromosomes–a matter of chromosome drive. Front Plant Sci 8:210. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fpls.2017.00210
Houben A, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Klemme S, Timmis JN (2014) Evolution and biology of supernumerary B chromosomes. Cell Mol Life Sci 71:467–
478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1437-7
Houben A, Verlin D, Leach CR, Timmis JN (2001) The
genomic complexity of micro B chromosomes of
brachycome dichromosomatica. Chromosoma
110:451–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-0010173-1
Hu J, Chen C, Peever T, Dang H, Lawrence C, Mitchell T
(2012) Genomic characterization of the conditionally dispensable chromosome in Alternaria arborescens provides evidence for horizontal gene
transfer. BMC Genomics 13:171. https://doi.org/
10.1186/1471-2164-13-171
Hurst GDD, Werren JH (2001) The role of selfish
genetic elements in eukaryotic evolution. Nat Rev
Genet 2:597
Jaenike J (2008) X chromosome drive. Curr Biol 18:
R508–R511.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cub.2008.03.051
Johnson LJ, Johnson RD, Akamatsu H, Salamiah A,
Otani H, Kohmoto K, Kodama M (2001) Spontaneous loss of a conditionally dispensable chromosome from the Alternaria alternata apple
pathotype leads to loss of toxin production and
pathogenicity. Curr Genet 40:65–72. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s002940100233
Jones RN (1995) Tansley review no. 85. B chromosomes
in plants. New Phytol 131:411–434
Jones N (2012) B chromosomes in plants. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all
Aspects of Plant Biology 146:727–737. https://doi.
org/10.1080/11263504.2012.713406
Jones JDG, Dangl JL (2006) The plant immune system.
Nature 444:323–329. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature05286
Kan JAL, Goverse A, Vlugt-Bergmans CJB (1993) Electrophoretic karyotype analysis of Botrytis cinerea.
Neth J Pl Path 99:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF03041402
Kellner R, Bhattacharyya A, Poppe S, Hsu TY, Brem RB,
Stukenbrock EH (2014) Expression profiling of the
wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici reveals genomic patterns of transcription and host-specific
regulatory programs. Genome Biol Evol 6:1353–
1365. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu101
Kohmoto K (1993) Isolation and biological activities of
two host-specific toxins from the tangerine Pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Phytopathology
83:495. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-83-495
Kursel LE, Malik HS (2018) The cellular mechanisms
and consequences of centromere drive. Curr Opin
Cell Biol 52:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceb.2018.01.011
Lamb JC, Riddle NC, Cheng Y-M, Theuri J, Birchler JA
(2007) Localization and transcription of a
retrotransposon-derived element on the maize B
chromosome. Chromosom Res 15:383–398.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1135-0
2 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Accessory Chromosomes
43
VA, Vorobieva NV, Beklemisheva VR, Perelman
PL, Graphodatskaya DA, Trut LN, Yang F,
Ferguson-Smith MA, Acland GM, Aguirre GD
(2005) The proto-oncogene C-KIT maps to canid
B-chromosomes. Chromosom Res 13:113–122.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-005-7474-9
Gregory TR (2011) The evolution of the genome. Elsevier Science, San Diego
Habig M, Kema G, Holtgrewe Stukenbrock E (2018)
Meiotic drive of female-inherited supernumerary
chromosomes in a pathogenic fungus. elife 7:
e40251. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40251
Habig M, Quade J, Stukenbrock EH (2017) Forward
genetics approach reveals host genotypedependent importance of accessory chromosomes
in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici.
MBio 8:e01919–e01917. https://doi.org/10.1128/
mBio.01919-17
Han Y, Liu X, Benny U, Kistler HC, VanEtten HD (2001)
Genes determining pathogenicity to pea are clustered on a supernumerary chromosome in the
fungal plant pathogen Nectria haematococca.
Plant J 25:305–314
Harr JC, Gonzalez-Sandoval A, Gasser SM (2016) Histones and histone modifications in perinuclear
chromatin anchoring: from yeast to man. EMBO
Rep
17:139–155.
https://doi.org/10.15252/
embr.201541809
Harr JC, Luperchio TR, Wong X, Cohen E, Wheelan SJ,
Reddy KL (2015) Directed targeting of chromatin
to the nuclear lamina is mediated by chromatin
state and A-type lamins. J Cell Biol 208:33–52.
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201405110
Hasegawa N (1934) A cytological study on 8chromosome Rye. Cytologia 6:68–77. https://doi.
org/10.1508/cytologia.6.68
Hatta R, Ito K, Hosaki Y, Tanaka T, Tanaka A, Yamamoto M, Akimitsu K, Tsuge T (2002) A conditionally dispensable chromosome controls hostspecific pathogenicity in the fungal plant pathogen
Alternaria alternata. Genetics 161:59–70
He C, Rusu AG, Poplawski AM, Irwin JAG, Manners JM
(1998) Transfer of a supernumerary chromosome
between vegetatively incompatible biotypes of the
fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Genetics
150:1459–1466
Helleu Q, Ge ´rard PR, Montchamp-Moreau C (2014) Sex
chromosome drive. Cold Spring Harb Perspect
Biol 7:a017616. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017616
Henikoff S, Malik HS (2002) Centromeres: selfish drivers. Nature 417:227. https://doi.org/10.1038/
417227a
Houben A (2017) B chromosomes–a matter of chromosome drive. Front Plant Sci 8:210. https://doi.org/
10.3389/fpls.2017.00210
Houben A, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Klemme S, Timmis JN (2014) Evolution and biology of supernumerary B chromosomes. Cell Mol Life Sci 71:467–
478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-013-1437-7
Houben A, Verlin D, Leach CR, Timmis JN (2001) The
genomic complexity of micro B chromosomes of
brachycome dichromosomatica. Chromosoma
110:451–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-0010173-1
Hu J, Chen C, Peever T, Dang H, Lawrence C, Mitchell T
(2012) Genomic characterization of the conditionally dispensable chromosome in Alternaria arborescens provides evidence for horizontal gene
transfer. BMC Genomics 13:171. https://doi.org/
10.1186/1471-2164-13-171
Hurst GDD, Werren JH (2001) The role of selfish
genetic elements in eukaryotic evolution. Nat Rev
Genet 2:597
Jaenike J (2008) X chromosome drive. Curr Biol 18:
R508–R511.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cub.2008.03.051
Johnson LJ, Johnson RD, Akamatsu H, Salamiah A,
Otani H, Kohmoto K, Kodama M (2001) Spontaneous loss of a conditionally dispensable chromosome from the Alternaria alternata apple
pathotype leads to loss of toxin production and
pathogenicity. Curr Genet 40:65–72. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s002940100233
Jones RN (1995) Tansley review no. 85. B chromosomes
in plants. New Phytol 131:411–434
Jones N (2012) B chromosomes in plants. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all
Aspects of Plant Biology 146:727–737. https://doi.
org/10.1080/11263504.2012.713406
Jones JDG, Dangl JL (2006) The plant immune system.
Nature 444:323–329. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature05286
Kan JAL, Goverse A, Vlugt-Bergmans CJB (1993) Electrophoretic karyotype analysis of Botrytis cinerea.
Neth J Pl Path 99:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF03041402
Kellner R, Bhattacharyya A, Poppe S, Hsu TY, Brem RB,
Stukenbrock EH (2014) Expression profiling of the
wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici reveals genomic patterns of transcription and host-specific
regulatory programs. Genome Biol Evol 6:1353–
1365. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu101
Kohmoto K (1993) Isolation and biological activities of
two host-specific toxins from the tangerine Pathotype of Alternaria alternata. Phytopathology
83:495. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-83-495
Kursel LE, Malik HS (2018) The cellular mechanisms
and consequences of centromere drive. Curr Opin
Cell Biol 52:58–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ceb.2018.01.011
Lamb JC, Riddle NC, Cheng Y-M, Theuri J, Birchler JA
(2007) Localization and transcription of a
retrotransposon-derived element on the maize B
chromosome. Chromosom Res 15:383–398.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-007-1135-0
2 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Accessory Chromosomes
43