Saupe SJ (2000) Molecular genetics of heterokaryon
incompatibility in filamentous ascomycetes.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64:489–502
Saupe S, Turcq B, Begueret J (1995a) A gene responsible
for vegetative incompatibility in the fungus Podospora anserina encodes a protein with a GTPbinding motif and G beta homologous domain.
Gene 162:135–139
Saupe S, Turcq B, Begueret J (1995b) Sequence diversity
and unusual variability at the het-c locus involved
in vegetative incompatibility in the fungus Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 27:466–471
Sellge G, Kufer TA (2015) PRR-signaling pathways:
learning from microbial tactics. Semin Immunol
27:75–84
Seuring C, Greenwald J, Wasmer C, Wepf R, Saupe SJ,
Meier BH, Riek R (2012) The mechanism of toxicity in HET-S/HET-s prion incompatibility. PLoS
Biol 10:e1001451
Smith ML, Micali OC, Hubbard SP, Mir-Rashed N,
Jacobson DJ, Glass NL (2000) Vegetative incompatibility in the het-6 region of Neurospora crassa
is mediated by two linked genes. Genetics
155:1095–1104
Tenthorey JL, Kofoed EM, Daugherty MD, Malik HS,
Vance RE (2014) Molecular basis for specific recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIP/NLRC4
inflammasomes. Mol Cell 54:17–29
Tran DTN, Chung EH, Habring-Muller A, Demar M,
Schwab R, Dangl JL, Weigel D, Chae E (2017)
Activation of a plant NLR complex through Heteromeric association with an autoimmune risk
variant of another NLR. Curr Biol 27:1148–1160
Uehling J, Deveau A, Paoletti M (2017) Do fungi have an
innate immune response? An NLR-based comparison to plant and animal immune systems. PLoS
Pathog 13:e1006578
Urbach JM, Ausubel FM (2017) The NBS-LRR architectures of plant R-proteins and metazoan NLRs
evolved in independent events. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 114:1063–1068
Vajjhala PR, Ve T, Bentham A, Stacey KJ, Kobe B (2017)
The molecular mechanisms of signaling by cooperative assembly formation in innate immunity
pathways. Mol Immunol 86:23–37
Van der Nest MA, Olson A, Lind M, Velez H, Dalman K,
Durling MB, Karlsson M, Stenlid J (2014) Distribution and evolution of het gene homologs in the
basidiomycota. Fungal Genet Biol 64:45–57
Wang YY, Liu B, Zhang XY, Zhou QM, Zhang T, Li H,
Yu YF, Zhang XL, Hao XY, Wang M et al (2014)
Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon
pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota).
BMC Genomics 15:34
Wasmer C, Lange A, Van Melckebeke H, Siemer AB,
Riek R, Meier BH (2008) Amyloid fibrils of the
HET-s(218-289) prion form a beta solenoid with
a triangular hydrophobic core. Science 319:1523–
1526
Yuen B, Bayes JM, Degnan SM (2014) The characterization of sponge NLRs provides insight into
the origin and evolution of this innate immune
gene family in animals. Mol Biol Evol 31:106–
120
Zambounis A, Elias M, Sterck L, Maumus F, Gachon
CM (2012) Highly dynamic exon shuffling in candidate pathogen receptors . . . what if brown algae
were capable of adaptive immunity? Mol Biol Evol
29:1263–1276
Zhang DX, Spiering MJ, Dawe AL, Nuss DL (2014)
Vegetative incompatibility loci with dedicated
roles in allorecognition restrict Mycovirus transmission in chestnut blight fungus. Genetics
197:701–714
Zhang X, Dodds PN, Bernoux M (2017) What do we
know about NOD-like receptors in plant immunity? Annu Rev Phytopathol 55:205–229
Zhao J, Gladieux P, Hutchison E, Bueche J, Hall C,
Perraudeau F, Glass NL (2015) Identification of
allorecognition loci in Neurospora crassa by genomics and evolutionary approaches. Mol Biol Evol
32:2417–2432
Zimmermann L, Stephens A, Nam SZ, Rau D, Kubler J,
Lozajic M, Gabler F, Soding J, Lupas AN, Alva V
(2018) A completely reimplemented MPI bioinformatics toolkit with a new HHpred server at its
core. J Mol Biol 430:2237–2243
Zuccaro A, Lahrmann U, Guldener U, Langen G, Pfiffi S,
Biedenkopf D, Wong P, Samans B, Grimm C,
Basiewicz M et al (2011) Endophytic life strategies
decoded by genome and transcriptome analyses of
the mutualistic root symbiont Piriformospora
indica. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002290
6 NLR Function in Fungi as Revealed by the Study of Self/Non-self Recognition Systems
141
incompatibility in filamentous ascomycetes.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64:489–502
Saupe S, Turcq B, Begueret J (1995a) A gene responsible
for vegetative incompatibility in the fungus Podospora anserina encodes a protein with a GTPbinding motif and G beta homologous domain.
Gene 162:135–139
Saupe S, Turcq B, Begueret J (1995b) Sequence diversity
and unusual variability at the het-c locus involved
in vegetative incompatibility in the fungus Podospora anserina. Curr Genet 27:466–471
Sellge G, Kufer TA (2015) PRR-signaling pathways:
learning from microbial tactics. Semin Immunol
27:75–84
Seuring C, Greenwald J, Wasmer C, Wepf R, Saupe SJ,
Meier BH, Riek R (2012) The mechanism of toxicity in HET-S/HET-s prion incompatibility. PLoS
Biol 10:e1001451
Smith ML, Micali OC, Hubbard SP, Mir-Rashed N,
Jacobson DJ, Glass NL (2000) Vegetative incompatibility in the het-6 region of Neurospora crassa
is mediated by two linked genes. Genetics
155:1095–1104
Tenthorey JL, Kofoed EM, Daugherty MD, Malik HS,
Vance RE (2014) Molecular basis for specific recognition of bacterial ligands by NAIP/NLRC4
inflammasomes. Mol Cell 54:17–29
Tran DTN, Chung EH, Habring-Muller A, Demar M,
Schwab R, Dangl JL, Weigel D, Chae E (2017)
Activation of a plant NLR complex through Heteromeric association with an autoimmune risk
variant of another NLR. Curr Biol 27:1148–1160
Uehling J, Deveau A, Paoletti M (2017) Do fungi have an
innate immune response? An NLR-based comparison to plant and animal immune systems. PLoS
Pathog 13:e1006578
Urbach JM, Ausubel FM (2017) The NBS-LRR architectures of plant R-proteins and metazoan NLRs
evolved in independent events. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 114:1063–1068
Vajjhala PR, Ve T, Bentham A, Stacey KJ, Kobe B (2017)
The molecular mechanisms of signaling by cooperative assembly formation in innate immunity
pathways. Mol Immunol 86:23–37
Van der Nest MA, Olson A, Lind M, Velez H, Dalman K,
Durling MB, Karlsson M, Stenlid J (2014) Distribution and evolution of het gene homologs in the
basidiomycota. Fungal Genet Biol 64:45–57
Wang YY, Liu B, Zhang XY, Zhou QM, Zhang T, Li H,
Yu YF, Zhang XL, Hao XY, Wang M et al (2014)
Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon
pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota).
BMC Genomics 15:34
Wasmer C, Lange A, Van Melckebeke H, Siemer AB,
Riek R, Meier BH (2008) Amyloid fibrils of the
HET-s(218-289) prion form a beta solenoid with
a triangular hydrophobic core. Science 319:1523–
1526
Yuen B, Bayes JM, Degnan SM (2014) The characterization of sponge NLRs provides insight into
the origin and evolution of this innate immune
gene family in animals. Mol Biol Evol 31:106–
120
Zambounis A, Elias M, Sterck L, Maumus F, Gachon
CM (2012) Highly dynamic exon shuffling in candidate pathogen receptors . . . what if brown algae
were capable of adaptive immunity? Mol Biol Evol
29:1263–1276
Zhang DX, Spiering MJ, Dawe AL, Nuss DL (2014)
Vegetative incompatibility loci with dedicated
roles in allorecognition restrict Mycovirus transmission in chestnut blight fungus. Genetics
197:701–714
Zhang X, Dodds PN, Bernoux M (2017) What do we
know about NOD-like receptors in plant immunity? Annu Rev Phytopathol 55:205–229
Zhao J, Gladieux P, Hutchison E, Bueche J, Hall C,
Perraudeau F, Glass NL (2015) Identification of
allorecognition loci in Neurospora crassa by genomics and evolutionary approaches. Mol Biol Evol
32:2417–2432
Zimmermann L, Stephens A, Nam SZ, Rau D, Kubler J,
Lozajic M, Gabler F, Soding J, Lupas AN, Alva V
(2018) A completely reimplemented MPI bioinformatics toolkit with a new HHpred server at its
core. J Mol Biol 430:2237–2243
Zuccaro A, Lahrmann U, Guldener U, Langen G, Pfiffi S,
Biedenkopf D, Wong P, Samans B, Grimm C,
Basiewicz M et al (2011) Endophytic life strategies
decoded by genome and transcriptome analyses of
the mutualistic root symbiont Piriformospora
indica. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002290
6 NLR Function in Fungi as Revealed by the Study of Self/Non-self Recognition Systems
141