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19. Guo Y, Guadalupe RA (1999) Functional silica aerogel from metastable lamellar composite.
Chem Commun (4):315–316. https://doi.org/10.1039/A807762B
20. Morris CA, Anderson ML, Stroud RM, Merzbacher CI, Rolison DR (1999) Silica sol as a
nanoglue: flexible synthesis of composite aerogels. Science 284(5414):622–624
21. Leventis N, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Zhang G, Rawashdeh A-MM (2002) Nanoengineering
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22. Leventis N, Elder IA, Long GJ, Rolison DR (2002) Using nanoscopic hosts, magnetic guests,
and field alignment to create anisotropic composite gels and aerogels. Nano Lett 2(1):63–67.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl015637a
23. Patel A, Mankoč B, Sintang MB, Lesaffer A, Dewettinck K (2015) Fumed silica-based
organogels and ‘aqueous-organic’ bigels. RSC Adv 5(13):9703–9708
24. Wu X-J, Wang Y, Yang W, Xie B-H, Yang M-B, Dan W (2012) A rheological study on
temperature dependent microstructural changes of fumed silica gels in dodecane. Soft Matter
8(40):10457–10463
25. Gun’ko V, Mironyuk I, Zarko V, Turov V, Voronin E, Pakhlov E, Goncharuk E, Leboda R,
Skubiszewska-Ziȩba J, Janusz W (2001) Fumed silicas possessing different morphology and
hydrophilicity. J Colloid Interface Sci 242(1):90–103
26. Raghavan SR, Walls H, Khan SA (2000) Rheology of silica dispersions in organic liquids:
new evidence for solvation forces dictated by hydrogen bonding. Langmuir 16(21):7920–
7930
27. Zheng Z, Song Y, Yang R, Zheng Q (2015) Direct evidence for percolation of immobilized
polymer layer around nanoparticles accounting for sol–gel transition in fumed silica
dispersions. Langmuir 31(50):13478–13487
28. Binks BP, Horozov TS (2005) Aqueous foams stabilized solely by silica nanoparticles.
Angew Chem 117(24):3788–3791
29. Gençten M, Dönmez KB, Şahin Y, Pekmez K, Suvacı E (2014) Voltammetric and
electrochemical impedimetric behavior of silica-based gel electrolyte for valve-regulated
lead-acid battery. J Solid State Electro 18(9):2469–2479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-0142507-y
30. Bag S, Trikalitis PN, Chupas PJ, Armatas GS, Kanatzidis MG (2007) Porous semiconducting
gels and aerogels from chalcogenide clusters. Science 317(5837):490–493. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1142535
31. Subrahmanyam KS, Malliakas CD, Sarma D, Armatas GS, Wu J, Kanatzidis MG (2015)
Ion-exchangeable molybdenum sulfide porous chalcogel: gas adsorption and capture of iodine
and mercury. J Am Chem Soc 137(43):13943–13948. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b09110
32. Oh Y, Morris CD, Kanatzidis MG (2012) Polysulfide chalcogels with ion-exchange properties
and highly efficient mercury vapor sorption. J Am Chem Soc 134(35):14604–14608. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ja3061535
33. Subrahmanyam KS, Malliakas CD, Islam SM, Sarma D, Wu J, Kanatzidis MG (2016)
High-surface-area antimony sulfide chalcogels. Chem Mater 28(21):7744–7749. https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02913
34. Staszak-Jirkovsky J, Malliakas CD, Lopes PP, Danilovic N, Kota SS, Chang K-C, Genorio B,
Strmcnik D, Stamenkovic VR, Kanatzidis MG, Markovic NM (2016) Design of active and
stable Co–Mo–Sx chalcogels as pH-universal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Nat Mater 15(2):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4481
35. Liu J, Kelley MS, Wu W, Banerjee A, Douvalis AP, Wu J, Zhang Y, Schatz GC,
Kanatzidis MG (2016) Nitrogenase-mimic iron-containing chalcogels for photochemical
reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(20):5530–5535. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.1605512113
36. Bag S, Gaudette AF, Bussell ME, Kanatzidis MG (2009) Spongy chalcogels of non-platinum
metals act as effective hydrodesulfurization catalysts. Nat Chem 1(3):217–224
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207
using ionic liquids as solvents. Chem Commun 3:243–244. https://doi.org/10.1039/
A907147D
19. Guo Y, Guadalupe RA (1999) Functional silica aerogel from metastable lamellar composite.
Chem Commun (4):315–316. https://doi.org/10.1039/A807762B
20. Morris CA, Anderson ML, Stroud RM, Merzbacher CI, Rolison DR (1999) Silica sol as a
nanoglue: flexible synthesis of composite aerogels. Science 284(5414):622–624
21. Leventis N, Sotiriou-Leventis C, Zhang G, Rawashdeh A-MM (2002) Nanoengineering
strong silica aerogels. Nano Lett 2(9):957–960. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl025690e
22. Leventis N, Elder IA, Long GJ, Rolison DR (2002) Using nanoscopic hosts, magnetic guests,
and field alignment to create anisotropic composite gels and aerogels. Nano Lett 2(1):63–67.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl015637a
23. Patel A, Mankoč B, Sintang MB, Lesaffer A, Dewettinck K (2015) Fumed silica-based
organogels and ‘aqueous-organic’ bigels. RSC Adv 5(13):9703–9708
24. Wu X-J, Wang Y, Yang W, Xie B-H, Yang M-B, Dan W (2012) A rheological study on
temperature dependent microstructural changes of fumed silica gels in dodecane. Soft Matter
8(40):10457–10463
25. Gun’ko V, Mironyuk I, Zarko V, Turov V, Voronin E, Pakhlov E, Goncharuk E, Leboda R,
Skubiszewska-Ziȩba J, Janusz W (2001) Fumed silicas possessing different morphology and
hydrophilicity. J Colloid Interface Sci 242(1):90–103
26. Raghavan SR, Walls H, Khan SA (2000) Rheology of silica dispersions in organic liquids:
new evidence for solvation forces dictated by hydrogen bonding. Langmuir 16(21):7920–
7930
27. Zheng Z, Song Y, Yang R, Zheng Q (2015) Direct evidence for percolation of immobilized
polymer layer around nanoparticles accounting for sol–gel transition in fumed silica
dispersions. Langmuir 31(50):13478–13487
28. Binks BP, Horozov TS (2005) Aqueous foams stabilized solely by silica nanoparticles.
Angew Chem 117(24):3788–3791
29. Gençten M, Dönmez KB, Şahin Y, Pekmez K, Suvacı E (2014) Voltammetric and
electrochemical impedimetric behavior of silica-based gel electrolyte for valve-regulated
lead-acid battery. J Solid State Electro 18(9):2469–2479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-0142507-y
30. Bag S, Trikalitis PN, Chupas PJ, Armatas GS, Kanatzidis MG (2007) Porous semiconducting
gels and aerogels from chalcogenide clusters. Science 317(5837):490–493. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1142535
31. Subrahmanyam KS, Malliakas CD, Sarma D, Armatas GS, Wu J, Kanatzidis MG (2015)
Ion-exchangeable molybdenum sulfide porous chalcogel: gas adsorption and capture of iodine
and mercury. J Am Chem Soc 137(43):13943–13948. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b09110
32. Oh Y, Morris CD, Kanatzidis MG (2012) Polysulfide chalcogels with ion-exchange properties
and highly efficient mercury vapor sorption. J Am Chem Soc 134(35):14604–14608. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ja3061535
33. Subrahmanyam KS, Malliakas CD, Islam SM, Sarma D, Wu J, Kanatzidis MG (2016)
High-surface-area antimony sulfide chalcogels. Chem Mater 28(21):7744–7749. https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02913
34. Staszak-Jirkovsky J, Malliakas CD, Lopes PP, Danilovic N, Kota SS, Chang K-C, Genorio B,
Strmcnik D, Stamenkovic VR, Kanatzidis MG, Markovic NM (2016) Design of active and
stable Co–Mo–Sx chalcogels as pH-universal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Nat Mater 15(2):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4481
35. Liu J, Kelley MS, Wu W, Banerjee A, Douvalis AP, Wu J, Zhang Y, Schatz GC,
Kanatzidis MG (2016) Nitrogenase-mimic iron-containing chalcogels for photochemical
reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(20):5530–5535. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.1605512113
36. Bag S, Gaudette AF, Bussell ME, Kanatzidis MG (2009) Spongy chalcogels of non-platinum
metals act as effective hydrodesulfurization catalysts. Nat Chem 1(3):217–224
References
207