For most supramolecular gels, the elastic modulus (G′) should be invariant with
frequency up to a particular yield point and should exceed elastic loss modulus (G″)
by at least an order of magnitude (Fig. 1.3).
References
1. Almdal K, Dyre J, Hvidt S, Kramer O (1993) Towards a phenomenological definition of the
term ‘gel’. Polym Gels Netw 1:5–17
2. Flory PJ (1974) Introductory lecture, Faraday discuss. Chem Soc 57:7–18
3. Weiss RG, Térech P (2006) Molecular gels. In: Weiss RG, Térech P (eds) Materials with
self-assembled fibrillar networks. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–13
4. Estroff LA, Hamilton AD (2004) Water gelation by small organic molecules. Chem Rev
104:1201–1218
5. Zhu G, Dordick JS (2006) Solvent effect on organogel formation by low molecular weight
molecules. Chem Mater 18:5988–5995
6. Jonkheijm P, van der Schoot P, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW (2006) Probing the
solvent-assisted nucleation pathway in chemical self-assembly. Science 313:80–83
7. Stepanenko V, Li XQ, Gershberg J, Wurthner F (2013) Evidence for kinetic nucleation in
helical nanofiber formation directed by chiral solvent for a perylene bisimide organogelator.
Chem Eur J 19:4176–4183
8. Li JL, Liu XY (2010) Architecture of supramolecular soft functional materials: from
understanding to micro-/nanoscale engineering. Adv Funct Mater 20:3196–3216
9. Liu M, Zhang L, Wang T (2015) Supramolecular chirality in self-assembled systems. Chem
Rev 115:7304–7397
10. van Bommel KJC, Friggeri A, Shinkai S (2003) Organic templates for the generation of
inorganic materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 42:980–999
11. Jin YH, Yu C, Denman RJ, Zhang W (2013) Recent advances in dynamic covalent chemistry.
Chem Soc Rev 42:6634–6654
12. Wilson A, Gasparini G, Matile S (2014) Functional systems with orthogonal dynamic
covalent bonds. Chem Soc Rev 43:1948–1962
13. Sangeetha NM, Bhat S, Choudhury AR, Maitra U, Terech P (2004) Properties of hydrogels
derived from cationic analogues of bile acid: remarkably distinct flowing characteristics.
J Phys Chem B 108:16056–16063
Fig. 1.3 Frequency sweep rheometry data for a supramolecular gel. Reprinted with the
permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society
6
1 Introduction
frequency up to a particular yield point and should exceed elastic loss modulus (G″)
by at least an order of magnitude (Fig. 1.3).
References
1. Almdal K, Dyre J, Hvidt S, Kramer O (1993) Towards a phenomenological definition of the
term ‘gel’. Polym Gels Netw 1:5–17
2. Flory PJ (1974) Introductory lecture, Faraday discuss. Chem Soc 57:7–18
3. Weiss RG, Térech P (2006) Molecular gels. In: Weiss RG, Térech P (eds) Materials with
self-assembled fibrillar networks. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–13
4. Estroff LA, Hamilton AD (2004) Water gelation by small organic molecules. Chem Rev
104:1201–1218
5. Zhu G, Dordick JS (2006) Solvent effect on organogel formation by low molecular weight
molecules. Chem Mater 18:5988–5995
6. Jonkheijm P, van der Schoot P, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW (2006) Probing the
solvent-assisted nucleation pathway in chemical self-assembly. Science 313:80–83
7. Stepanenko V, Li XQ, Gershberg J, Wurthner F (2013) Evidence for kinetic nucleation in
helical nanofiber formation directed by chiral solvent for a perylene bisimide organogelator.
Chem Eur J 19:4176–4183
8. Li JL, Liu XY (2010) Architecture of supramolecular soft functional materials: from
understanding to micro-/nanoscale engineering. Adv Funct Mater 20:3196–3216
9. Liu M, Zhang L, Wang T (2015) Supramolecular chirality in self-assembled systems. Chem
Rev 115:7304–7397
10. van Bommel KJC, Friggeri A, Shinkai S (2003) Organic templates for the generation of
inorganic materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 42:980–999
11. Jin YH, Yu C, Denman RJ, Zhang W (2013) Recent advances in dynamic covalent chemistry.
Chem Soc Rev 42:6634–6654
12. Wilson A, Gasparini G, Matile S (2014) Functional systems with orthogonal dynamic
covalent bonds. Chem Soc Rev 43:1948–1962
13. Sangeetha NM, Bhat S, Choudhury AR, Maitra U, Terech P (2004) Properties of hydrogels
derived from cationic analogues of bile acid: remarkably distinct flowing characteristics.
J Phys Chem B 108:16056–16063
Fig. 1.3 Frequency sweep rheometry data for a supramolecular gel. Reprinted with the
permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society
6
1 Introduction