140. Pillay D, Hwang GS (2005) Growth and structure of small gold particles on rutile TiO 2 (110).
Phys Rev B 72(20):205422
141. Albuquerque AR, Bruix A, dos Santos IMG, Sambrano JR, Illas F (2014) DFT study on
Ce-doped anatase TiO 2 : nature of Ce
3+ and Ti
3+ centers triggered by oxygen vacancy
formation. J Phys Chem C 118(18):9677–9689
142. Bennett T, Adnan RH, Alvino JF, Kler R, Golovko VB, Metha GF, Andersson GG (2015)
Effect of gold nanoclusters on the production of Ti
3+ defect sites in titanium dioxide
nanoparticles under ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation. J Phys Chem C 119(20):11171–11177
143. Zhao J, Li Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wang C (2016) Enhanced CO 2 photoreduction activity of black
TiO 2 -coated Cu nanoparticles under visible light irradiation: role of metallic Cu. Appl Catal
A-Gen 510:34–41
144. Pan X, Xu YJ (2013) Fast and spontaneous reduction of gold ions over oxygen-vacancy-rich
TiO 2 : a novel strategy to design defect-based composite photocatalyst. Appl Catal A-Gen
459:34–40
145. Chen P (2016) A novel synthesis of Ti
3+ self-doped Ag 2 O/TiO 2 (p–n) nanoheterojunctions for
enhanced visible photocatalytic activity. Mater Lett 163:130–133
146. Li M, Liu H, Liu T, Qin Y (2017) Design of a novel dual Z-scheme photocatalytic system
composited of Ag 2 O modified Ti
3+ self doped TiO 2 nanocrystals with individual exposed
(001) and (101) facets. Mater Charact 124:136–144
147. Cui Y, Ma Q, Deng X, Meng Q, Cheng X, Xie M, Li X, Cheng Q, Liu H (2017) Fabrication of
Ag-Ag 2 O/reduced TiO 2 nanophotocatalyst and its enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic
performance for degradation of diclofenac solution. Appl Catal B 206:136–145
148. Yin H, Wang X, Wang L, Nie Q, Zhang Y, Yuan Q, Wu W (2016) Ag/AgCl modified selfdoped TiO 2 hollow sphere with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. J Alloys Compd
657:44–52
149. Colón G, Maicu M, Hidalgo MC, Navío JA (2006) Cu-doped TiO 2 systems with improved
photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B 67(1–2):41–51
150. Liu L, Gao F, Zhao L, Li Y (2013) Tailoring Cu valence and oxygen vacancy in Cu/TiO 2
catalysts for enhanced CO 2 photoreduction efficiency. Appl Catal B 134(0):349–358
151. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV,
Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306
(5696):666–669
152. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6(3):183–191
153. Wang C, Meng D, Sun J, Memon J, Huang Y, Geng J (2014) Graphene wrapped TiO 2 based
catalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Adv Mater Interfaces 1(4):1300150
154. Li L, Yu L, Lin Z, Yang G (2016) Reduced TiO 2 -graphene oxide heterostructure as broad
spectrum-driven efficient water-splitting photocatalysts. ACS Appl Mater Inter 8
(13):8536–8545
155. Cao S, Liu T, Tsang Y, Chen C (2016) Role of hydroxylation modification on the structure and
property of reduced graphene oxide/TiO 2 hybrids. Appl Surf Sci 382:225–238
156. Fu G, Zhou P, Zhao M, Zhu W, Yan S, Yu T, Zou Z (2015) Carbon coating stabilized Ti
3+ -
doped TiO 2 for photocatalytic hydrogen generation under visible light irradiation. Dalton
Trans 44(28):12812–12817
157. Liu Y, Xing M, Zhang J (2014) Ti
3+ and carbon co-doped TiO 2 with improved visible light
photocatalytic activity. Chin J Catal 35(9):1511–1519
158. Yi Q, Zhou Y, Xing M, Zhang J (2016) Vacuum activation-induced Ti
3+ and carbon co-doped
TiO 2 with enhanced solar light photo-catalytic activity. Res Chem Intermed 42(5):4181–4189
159. Li K, Gao S, Wang Q, Xu H, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y, Lu J (2015) In-situ-reduced synthesis
of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunctions with high photocatalytic performance under
LED light irradiation. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7(17):9023–9030
160. Lu D, Zhang G, Wan Z (2015) Visible-light-driven g-C 3 N 4 /Ti
3+ -TiO 2 photocatalyst
co-exposed {001} and {101} facets and its enhanced photocatalytic activities for organic
pollutant degradation and Cr(VI) reduction. Appl Surf Sci 358:223–230
104
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis
Phys Rev B 72(20):205422
141. Albuquerque AR, Bruix A, dos Santos IMG, Sambrano JR, Illas F (2014) DFT study on
Ce-doped anatase TiO 2 : nature of Ce
3+ and Ti
3+ centers triggered by oxygen vacancy
formation. J Phys Chem C 118(18):9677–9689
142. Bennett T, Adnan RH, Alvino JF, Kler R, Golovko VB, Metha GF, Andersson GG (2015)
Effect of gold nanoclusters on the production of Ti
3+ defect sites in titanium dioxide
nanoparticles under ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation. J Phys Chem C 119(20):11171–11177
143. Zhao J, Li Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wang C (2016) Enhanced CO 2 photoreduction activity of black
TiO 2 -coated Cu nanoparticles under visible light irradiation: role of metallic Cu. Appl Catal
A-Gen 510:34–41
144. Pan X, Xu YJ (2013) Fast and spontaneous reduction of gold ions over oxygen-vacancy-rich
TiO 2 : a novel strategy to design defect-based composite photocatalyst. Appl Catal A-Gen
459:34–40
145. Chen P (2016) A novel synthesis of Ti
3+ self-doped Ag 2 O/TiO 2 (p–n) nanoheterojunctions for
enhanced visible photocatalytic activity. Mater Lett 163:130–133
146. Li M, Liu H, Liu T, Qin Y (2017) Design of a novel dual Z-scheme photocatalytic system
composited of Ag 2 O modified Ti
3+ self doped TiO 2 nanocrystals with individual exposed
(001) and (101) facets. Mater Charact 124:136–144
147. Cui Y, Ma Q, Deng X, Meng Q, Cheng X, Xie M, Li X, Cheng Q, Liu H (2017) Fabrication of
Ag-Ag 2 O/reduced TiO 2 nanophotocatalyst and its enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic
performance for degradation of diclofenac solution. Appl Catal B 206:136–145
148. Yin H, Wang X, Wang L, Nie Q, Zhang Y, Yuan Q, Wu W (2016) Ag/AgCl modified selfdoped TiO 2 hollow sphere with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. J Alloys Compd
657:44–52
149. Colón G, Maicu M, Hidalgo MC, Navío JA (2006) Cu-doped TiO 2 systems with improved
photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal B 67(1–2):41–51
150. Liu L, Gao F, Zhao L, Li Y (2013) Tailoring Cu valence and oxygen vacancy in Cu/TiO 2
catalysts for enhanced CO 2 photoreduction efficiency. Appl Catal B 134(0):349–358
151. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV,
Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306
(5696):666–669
152. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6(3):183–191
153. Wang C, Meng D, Sun J, Memon J, Huang Y, Geng J (2014) Graphene wrapped TiO 2 based
catalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Adv Mater Interfaces 1(4):1300150
154. Li L, Yu L, Lin Z, Yang G (2016) Reduced TiO 2 -graphene oxide heterostructure as broad
spectrum-driven efficient water-splitting photocatalysts. ACS Appl Mater Inter 8
(13):8536–8545
155. Cao S, Liu T, Tsang Y, Chen C (2016) Role of hydroxylation modification on the structure and
property of reduced graphene oxide/TiO 2 hybrids. Appl Surf Sci 382:225–238
156. Fu G, Zhou P, Zhao M, Zhu W, Yan S, Yu T, Zou Z (2015) Carbon coating stabilized Ti
3+ -
doped TiO 2 for photocatalytic hydrogen generation under visible light irradiation. Dalton
Trans 44(28):12812–12817
157. Liu Y, Xing M, Zhang J (2014) Ti
3+ and carbon co-doped TiO 2 with improved visible light
photocatalytic activity. Chin J Catal 35(9):1511–1519
158. Yi Q, Zhou Y, Xing M, Zhang J (2016) Vacuum activation-induced Ti
3+ and carbon co-doped
TiO 2 with enhanced solar light photo-catalytic activity. Res Chem Intermed 42(5):4181–4189
159. Li K, Gao S, Wang Q, Xu H, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y, Lu J (2015) In-situ-reduced synthesis
of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunctions with high photocatalytic performance under
LED light irradiation. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7(17):9023–9030
160. Lu D, Zhang G, Wan Z (2015) Visible-light-driven g-C 3 N 4 /Ti
3+ -TiO 2 photocatalyst
co-exposed {001} and {101} facets and its enhanced photocatalytic activities for organic
pollutant degradation and Cr(VI) reduction. Appl Surf Sci 358:223–230
104
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis