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174. Cerón-Carrasco JP, Bastida A, Requena A, Zúñiga J (2010) A theoretical study of the reaction of β-carotene with the nitrogen dioxide radical in solution. J Phys Chem B 114:4366–
4372
175. Böhm F, Tinkler J, Truscott T (1995) Carotenoids protect against cell membrane damage by
the nitrogen dioxide radical. Nat Med 1:98–99
176. Kikugawa K, Hiramoto K, Tomiyama S, Asano Y (1997) β-Carotene effectively scavenges
toxic nitrogen oxides: nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrous acid. FEBS Lett 404:175–178
177. Everett SA, Dennis MF, Patel KB, Maddix S, Kundu SC, Willson RL (1996) Scavenging of
nitrogen dioxide, thiyl, and sulfonyl free radicals by the nutritional antioxidant β-carotene.
J Biol Chem 271:3988–3994
178. Khopde SM, Priyadarsini KI, Bhide MK, Sastry MD, Mukherjee T (2003) Spin-trapping
studies on the reaction of NO 2 with β-carotene. Res Chem Intermediat 29:495–502
179. Kean RB, Spitsin SV, Mikheeva T, Scott GS, Hooper DC (2000) The peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid prevents inflammatory cell invasion into the central nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis through maintenance of blood-central nervous system
barrier integrity. J Immunol 165:6511–6518
180. Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Kean RB, Champion JM, Dickson GM, Chaudhry I, Koprowski H
(1998) Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:675–680
181. Chung HY, Choi HR, Park HJ, Choi JS, Choi WC (2001) Peroxynitrite scavenging and cytoprotective activity of 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether from the marine
alga Symphyocladia latiuscula. J Agric Food Chem 49:3614–3621
182. Chung HY, Yokozawa T, Soung DY, Kye IS, No JK, Baek BS (1998) Peroxynitrite-scavenging activity of green tea tannin. J Agric Food Chem 46:4484–4486
183. Hedglin M, O’Brien PJ (2010) Hopping enables a DNA repair glycosylase to search both
strands and bypass a bound Protein. ACS Chem Biol 5:427–436
184. Berg OG (1978) On diffusion-controlled dissociation. Chem Phys 31:47–57
185. Misteli T (2001) Protein dynamics: implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression. Science 291:843–847
186. Gowers DM, Halford SE (2003) Protein motion from non-specific to specific DNA by
three-dimensional routes aided by supercoiling. EMBO J 22:1410–1418
187. Berg OG, Blomberg C (1976) Association kinetics with coupled diffusional fows. special
application to the lac repressor-operator system. Biophys Chem 4:367–381
188. Berg OG, Blomberg C (1977) Association kinetics with coupled diffusion. An extension to
coiled-chain macromolecules applied to the lac repressor-operator system. Biophys Chem
7:33–39
189. Bellomy GR, Record MT (1990) Stable DNA loops in vivo and in vitro: roles in gene regulation at a distance and in biophysical characterization of DNA. Prog Nucl Acid Res Mol
Biol 30:81–128
190. Vologodskii A, Cozzarelli NR (1996) Effect of supercoiling on the juxtaposition and relative orientation of DNA sites. Biophys J 70:2548–2556
191. Gowers DM, Wilson GG, Halford SE (2005) Measurement of the contributions of 1D
and 3D pathways to the translocation of a protein along DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
102:15883–15888
192. Hagerman PJ (1988) Flexibility of DNA. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 17:265–286
193. Gowers DM, Wilson GG, Halford SE (2005) Measurement of the contributions of 1D
and 3D pathways to the translocation of a protein along DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
102:15883–15888
194. Blainey PC, Luo G, Kou SC, Mangel WF, Verdine GL, Bagchi B, Xie XS (2009) Nonspecifically bound proteins spin while diffusing along DNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:1224–
1229
195. Halford SE, Marko JF (2004) How do site-specific DNA-binding proteins find their targets.
Nucl Acid Res 32:3040–3052
N. R. Jena et al.
174. Cerón-Carrasco JP, Bastida A, Requena A, Zúñiga J (2010) A theoretical study of the reaction of β-carotene with the nitrogen dioxide radical in solution. J Phys Chem B 114:4366–
4372
175. Böhm F, Tinkler J, Truscott T (1995) Carotenoids protect against cell membrane damage by
the nitrogen dioxide radical. Nat Med 1:98–99
176. Kikugawa K, Hiramoto K, Tomiyama S, Asano Y (1997) β-Carotene effectively scavenges
toxic nitrogen oxides: nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrous acid. FEBS Lett 404:175–178
177. Everett SA, Dennis MF, Patel KB, Maddix S, Kundu SC, Willson RL (1996) Scavenging of
nitrogen dioxide, thiyl, and sulfonyl free radicals by the nutritional antioxidant β-carotene.
J Biol Chem 271:3988–3994
178. Khopde SM, Priyadarsini KI, Bhide MK, Sastry MD, Mukherjee T (2003) Spin-trapping
studies on the reaction of NO 2 with β-carotene. Res Chem Intermediat 29:495–502
179. Kean RB, Spitsin SV, Mikheeva T, Scott GS, Hooper DC (2000) The peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid prevents inflammatory cell invasion into the central nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis through maintenance of blood-central nervous system
barrier integrity. J Immunol 165:6511–6518
180. Hooper DC, Spitsin S, Kean RB, Champion JM, Dickson GM, Chaudhry I, Koprowski H
(1998) Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:675–680
181. Chung HY, Choi HR, Park HJ, Choi JS, Choi WC (2001) Peroxynitrite scavenging and cytoprotective activity of 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether from the marine
alga Symphyocladia latiuscula. J Agric Food Chem 49:3614–3621
182. Chung HY, Yokozawa T, Soung DY, Kye IS, No JK, Baek BS (1998) Peroxynitrite-scavenging activity of green tea tannin. J Agric Food Chem 46:4484–4486
183. Hedglin M, O’Brien PJ (2010) Hopping enables a DNA repair glycosylase to search both
strands and bypass a bound Protein. ACS Chem Biol 5:427–436
184. Berg OG (1978) On diffusion-controlled dissociation. Chem Phys 31:47–57
185. Misteli T (2001) Protein dynamics: implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression. Science 291:843–847
186. Gowers DM, Halford SE (2003) Protein motion from non-specific to specific DNA by
three-dimensional routes aided by supercoiling. EMBO J 22:1410–1418
187. Berg OG, Blomberg C (1976) Association kinetics with coupled diffusional fows. special
application to the lac repressor-operator system. Biophys Chem 4:367–381
188. Berg OG, Blomberg C (1977) Association kinetics with coupled diffusion. An extension to
coiled-chain macromolecules applied to the lac repressor-operator system. Biophys Chem
7:33–39
189. Bellomy GR, Record MT (1990) Stable DNA loops in vivo and in vitro: roles in gene regulation at a distance and in biophysical characterization of DNA. Prog Nucl Acid Res Mol
Biol 30:81–128
190. Vologodskii A, Cozzarelli NR (1996) Effect of supercoiling on the juxtaposition and relative orientation of DNA sites. Biophys J 70:2548–2556
191. Gowers DM, Wilson GG, Halford SE (2005) Measurement of the contributions of 1D
and 3D pathways to the translocation of a protein along DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
102:15883–15888
192. Hagerman PJ (1988) Flexibility of DNA. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 17:265–286
193. Gowers DM, Wilson GG, Halford SE (2005) Measurement of the contributions of 1D
and 3D pathways to the translocation of a protein along DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
102:15883–15888
194. Blainey PC, Luo G, Kou SC, Mangel WF, Verdine GL, Bagchi B, Xie XS (2009) Nonspecifically bound proteins spin while diffusing along DNA. Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:1224–
1229
195. Halford SE, Marko JF (2004) How do site-specific DNA-binding proteins find their targets.
Nucl Acid Res 32:3040–3052