220
Biological and Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatments
Dai et al. (2017) highlighted the importance of biodiesel production from microbial
lipids obtained from the fermentation of low-cost carbon sources by microorganisms. Waste biomass could be treated and used as one of those carbon sources
(hydrolysates). Bamboo shoot shell, highly agricultural waste produced in China, is
treated; it is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The combination of the biological treatment and deep eutectic solvent was tested for the removal
of lignin and hemicellulose from bamboo shoot shell in order to enhance the biomass conversion into fermentable sugars for producing biofuel.
In this study, untreated bamboo shoot shell was subjected to biological pretreatment with Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 and used to produce cellulases. After
3 days, maximum amount of xylan and lignin were removed and compared to
untreated bamboo shoot shell. After fermentation, the residues of bamboo shoot
shell were pretreated by deep eutectic solvent. Notably, choline chloride/oxalic acid
Table 6.10 (continued)
Extraction
medium
Target
compounds
DES:HBA/HBD (molar
ratio)
Extraction method References
Food and
herbal tea
samples:
turmeric liquid
supplement,
herbal tea,
turmeric drug
or powder, and
root herbal tea
Curcumin
Choline chloride/phenol
(1:4)
DES-based vortex
extraction
combined to
emulsification
liquid-liquid
microextraction
Aydin et al.
(2018)
Human urine
and plasma
samples
Tricyclic
antidepressant
drugs:
amitriptyline,
nortriptyline,
desipramine,
clomipramine,
and imipramine
Choline chloride/4chlorophenol DES
formed by mixing 1.39 g
choline chloride with
2.58 g 4-chlorophenol
Dispersive
solid-phase
extraction coupled
to DES-based
air-assisted
liquid-liquid
microextraction
Mohebbi
et al.
(2018)
Ginkgo biloba
and Panax
ginseng
Phenolics,
phenolic acids,
and terpenoids
from G. biloba
leaves and
ginsenosides
from P. ginseng
leaves
Choline chloride/malic
acid/(1:1), glucose/malic
acid (1:1), choline
chloride/glucose (5:2),
proline/malic acid (1:1),
sucrose/fructose/glucose
(1:1:1), and sucrose/
proline/glycerol (1:4:9).
All of the prepared
NADES were mixed with
10% (w/w) water.
Ultrasound
extraction
combined with
solid-phase
extraction
Liu et al.
(2018)
DES deep eutectic solvent, HBA hydrogen bond acceptor, HBD hydrogen bond donor; n.m. not
mentioned
L. Nakhle et al.
Biological and Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatments
Dai et al. (2017) highlighted the importance of biodiesel production from microbial
lipids obtained from the fermentation of low-cost carbon sources by microorganisms. Waste biomass could be treated and used as one of those carbon sources
(hydrolysates). Bamboo shoot shell, highly agricultural waste produced in China, is
treated; it is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The combination of the biological treatment and deep eutectic solvent was tested for the removal
of lignin and hemicellulose from bamboo shoot shell in order to enhance the biomass conversion into fermentable sugars for producing biofuel.
In this study, untreated bamboo shoot shell was subjected to biological pretreatment with Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 and used to produce cellulases. After
3 days, maximum amount of xylan and lignin were removed and compared to
untreated bamboo shoot shell. After fermentation, the residues of bamboo shoot
shell were pretreated by deep eutectic solvent. Notably, choline chloride/oxalic acid
Table 6.10 (continued)
Extraction
medium
Target
compounds
DES:HBA/HBD (molar
ratio)
Extraction method References
Food and
herbal tea
samples:
turmeric liquid
supplement,
herbal tea,
turmeric drug
or powder, and
root herbal tea
Curcumin
Choline chloride/phenol
(1:4)
DES-based vortex
extraction
combined to
emulsification
liquid-liquid
microextraction
Aydin et al.
(2018)
Human urine
and plasma
samples
Tricyclic
antidepressant
drugs:
amitriptyline,
nortriptyline,
desipramine,
clomipramine,
and imipramine
Choline chloride/4chlorophenol DES
formed by mixing 1.39 g
choline chloride with
2.58 g 4-chlorophenol
Dispersive
solid-phase
extraction coupled
to DES-based
air-assisted
liquid-liquid
microextraction
Mohebbi
et al.
(2018)
Ginkgo biloba
and Panax
ginseng
Phenolics,
phenolic acids,
and terpenoids
from G. biloba
leaves and
ginsenosides
from P. ginseng
leaves
Choline chloride/malic
acid/(1:1), glucose/malic
acid (1:1), choline
chloride/glucose (5:2),
proline/malic acid (1:1),
sucrose/fructose/glucose
(1:1:1), and sucrose/
proline/glycerol (1:4:9).
All of the prepared
NADES were mixed with
10% (w/w) water.
Ultrasound
extraction
combined with
solid-phase
extraction
Liu et al.
(2018)
DES deep eutectic solvent, HBA hydrogen bond acceptor, HBD hydrogen bond donor; n.m. not
mentioned
L. Nakhle et al.