184
6.3.6 Polarity and Solubilizing Properties
228
6.3.7 pH
229
6.3.8 Cell Disruption Ability
229
6.4 Optimization of Extraction Parameters
230
6.4.1 Type of Extraction Solvent
230
6.4.2 Sample to Deep Eutectic Solvent Volume Ratio (V/V) Optimization
230
6.4.3 Matrix Ions
230
6.4.4 Type of Emulsifier Agent
232
6.4.5 Temperature
232
6.4.6 Time
232
6.4.7 Agitation or Vortexing
233
6.5 Conclusion
233
References
233
Abstract Nowadays, scientists are going through developing more eco-friendly
analysis methods of simple and complex samples that follow the principles of
“green chemistry.” One of the followed strategies is by replacing the toxic conventional organic solvents used in the extraction by a new generation of solvents called
“deep eutectic solvent” or “natural deep eutectic solvent.” These solvents are formed
between two or more cheap nontoxic components via hydrogen bonds. This review
presents the various extraction methods that use deep eutectic solvents as extraction
solvents, mainly the liquid-liquid-phase microextraction methods, solid-phase
microextraction methods, and the newly combined techniques. In addition, the
advantages and drawbacks of using these green solvents in comparison to the conventional organic solvents used in conventional extraction methods are discussed. It
was observed that, with all reported extractions, deep eutectic solvents showed better extraction efficiency and higher recovery values for the studied natural target
analytes compared to water and lots of conventional organic solvents. For the protein extraction, these solvents showed around 93–99% extraction efficiency. In
addition, new types of deep eutectic solvents, like the ternary deep eutectic solvent
molecularly imprinted polymer, were synthesized, improving the solvent characteristics; therefore, lower volume of the solvent was used with shorter extraction time.
Keywords Bioactive compounds · Combined extraction techniques · Deep eutectic
solvents · Green chemistry · Imprinted polymer · Liquid-liquid-phase microextraction
· Optimization · Physicochemical properties · Proteins · Solid- phase microextraction
6.1 Introduction
Nowadays, pharmaceutical industries intend to replace the synthesized chemobased or semi-chemo-based active molecules used in the drug formulations with
bio-based active molecules present in environmental and biological matrices in
order to reduce undesirable side effects (de Cássia da Silveira e Sá et al. 2014).
L. Nakhle et al.
6.3.6 Polarity and Solubilizing Properties
228
6.3.7 pH
229
6.3.8 Cell Disruption Ability
229
6.4 Optimization of Extraction Parameters
230
6.4.1 Type of Extraction Solvent
230
6.4.2 Sample to Deep Eutectic Solvent Volume Ratio (V/V) Optimization
230
6.4.3 Matrix Ions
230
6.4.4 Type of Emulsifier Agent
232
6.4.5 Temperature
232
6.4.6 Time
232
6.4.7 Agitation or Vortexing
233
6.5 Conclusion
233
References
233
Abstract Nowadays, scientists are going through developing more eco-friendly
analysis methods of simple and complex samples that follow the principles of
“green chemistry.” One of the followed strategies is by replacing the toxic conventional organic solvents used in the extraction by a new generation of solvents called
“deep eutectic solvent” or “natural deep eutectic solvent.” These solvents are formed
between two or more cheap nontoxic components via hydrogen bonds. This review
presents the various extraction methods that use deep eutectic solvents as extraction
solvents, mainly the liquid-liquid-phase microextraction methods, solid-phase
microextraction methods, and the newly combined techniques. In addition, the
advantages and drawbacks of using these green solvents in comparison to the conventional organic solvents used in conventional extraction methods are discussed. It
was observed that, with all reported extractions, deep eutectic solvents showed better extraction efficiency and higher recovery values for the studied natural target
analytes compared to water and lots of conventional organic solvents. For the protein extraction, these solvents showed around 93–99% extraction efficiency. In
addition, new types of deep eutectic solvents, like the ternary deep eutectic solvent
molecularly imprinted polymer, were synthesized, improving the solvent characteristics; therefore, lower volume of the solvent was used with shorter extraction time.
Keywords Bioactive compounds · Combined extraction techniques · Deep eutectic
solvents · Green chemistry · Imprinted polymer · Liquid-liquid-phase microextraction
· Optimization · Physicochemical properties · Proteins · Solid- phase microextraction
6.1 Introduction
Nowadays, pharmaceutical industries intend to replace the synthesized chemobased or semi-chemo-based active molecules used in the drug formulations with
bio-based active molecules present in environmental and biological matrices in
order to reduce undesirable side effects (de Cássia da Silveira e Sá et al. 2014).
L. Nakhle et al.