92
various sugars or sugar alcohol (Jeliński et al. 2019b). Presentation of the drug in
the form of a natural deep eutectic solvent greatly increased its solubility in both
gastric and intestinal media, suggesting that its absorption would be facilitated by
this formulation.
2.3.6 Nasal Applications
Nasal administration has also attracted attention as an alternative route for the
administration of insulin and other proteins. As for transdermal and oral applications, this route requires a formulation that can promote absorption while remaining
nontoxic. With this in mind, Li et al. investigated a formulation of insulin in a deep
eutectic solvent composed of chlorine chloride and malic acid (2:1 molar ratio)
containing porcine insulin for intranasal administration (Li et al. 2019). Circular
dichroism studies showed that the structural conformation of the insulin was conserved within the solvent. The release of insulin from the solvent in a Franz diffusion cell was slower than that of the protein from a hydrogel. This could be explained
by the limited interaction of the deep eutectic solvent, which had high viscosity,
with water. The passage of insulin across ex vivo nasal mucosa was visualized after
fluorescent labelling, and the deep eutectic solvent formulation was observed to
promote penetration whereas the hydrogel did not. Furthermore, a dose-dependent
hypoglycemic effect was obtained when the deep eutectic solvent was applied intranasally to nondiabetic rats. Histological studies of the nasal epithelium showed no
evidence of nasal toxicity (Fig. 2.9; Li et al. 2019). Thus, as for oral and transdermal
applications, deep eutectic solvents show promise as vehicles to facilitate protein
absorption.
The results obtained with the oral and nasal administration of active molecules in
deep eutectic solvents are summarized in Table 6.
2.3.7 Applications in Formulation for Drug Delivery
and Biotechnology
As well as specific applications related to particular active molecules, some recent
research has covered the contribution that deep eutectic solvents could bring to
pharmaceutical technology as a whole. A recent review by Pedro et al. covers the
role of deep eutectic solvents and therapeutic deep eutectic solvents containing
active molecules in the development of drug delivery systems (Pedro et al. 2019).
This report stresses the role of deep eutectic solvents in controlling drug polymorphism and also the ease with which deep eutectic solvent-solubilized molecules can
be incorporated into biopolymer systems. Potticary et al. in a study deposited on
arXiv.org in 2019, also discuss the role of deep eutectic solvents, or deep eutomic
C.-H. Nguyen et al.
various sugars or sugar alcohol (Jeliński et al. 2019b). Presentation of the drug in
the form of a natural deep eutectic solvent greatly increased its solubility in both
gastric and intestinal media, suggesting that its absorption would be facilitated by
this formulation.
2.3.6 Nasal Applications
Nasal administration has also attracted attention as an alternative route for the
administration of insulin and other proteins. As for transdermal and oral applications, this route requires a formulation that can promote absorption while remaining
nontoxic. With this in mind, Li et al. investigated a formulation of insulin in a deep
eutectic solvent composed of chlorine chloride and malic acid (2:1 molar ratio)
containing porcine insulin for intranasal administration (Li et al. 2019). Circular
dichroism studies showed that the structural conformation of the insulin was conserved within the solvent. The release of insulin from the solvent in a Franz diffusion cell was slower than that of the protein from a hydrogel. This could be explained
by the limited interaction of the deep eutectic solvent, which had high viscosity,
with water. The passage of insulin across ex vivo nasal mucosa was visualized after
fluorescent labelling, and the deep eutectic solvent formulation was observed to
promote penetration whereas the hydrogel did not. Furthermore, a dose-dependent
hypoglycemic effect was obtained when the deep eutectic solvent was applied intranasally to nondiabetic rats. Histological studies of the nasal epithelium showed no
evidence of nasal toxicity (Fig. 2.9; Li et al. 2019). Thus, as for oral and transdermal
applications, deep eutectic solvents show promise as vehicles to facilitate protein
absorption.
The results obtained with the oral and nasal administration of active molecules in
deep eutectic solvents are summarized in Table 6.
2.3.7 Applications in Formulation for Drug Delivery
and Biotechnology
As well as specific applications related to particular active molecules, some recent
research has covered the contribution that deep eutectic solvents could bring to
pharmaceutical technology as a whole. A recent review by Pedro et al. covers the
role of deep eutectic solvents and therapeutic deep eutectic solvents containing
active molecules in the development of drug delivery systems (Pedro et al. 2019).
This report stresses the role of deep eutectic solvents in controlling drug polymorphism and also the ease with which deep eutectic solvent-solubilized molecules can
be incorporated into biopolymer systems. Potticary et al. in a study deposited on
arXiv.org in 2019, also discuss the role of deep eutectic solvents, or deep eutomic
C.-H. Nguyen et al.