88
Table 5 Cutaneous applications of deep eutectic solvent formulations
Active agent
Deep eutectic
solvent
composition
Results in vitro
Results in vivo
References
Ibuprofen
Drug:terpenes
Transport through
human epidermis
Stott et al.
(1998)
Cefadroxil
and deep
eutectic
solvent alone
Deep eutectic
solvent and ionic
liquid, including
C:GE
Antibiotic transport
into skin; activity
against biofilms
Zakrewsky
et al. (2014)
and
Zakrewsky
et al. (2015,
2016b)
Caffeine and
salicylic acid
Choline and
imidazole-based
ionic liquids
Transport through
porcine skin
Santos de
Almeida et al.
(2017)
Labelled
bovine serum
albumin and
insulin
C:GE
Transport through
porcine skin
Hypoglycemic
effect in normal
rats with insulin
Banerjee et al.
(2017)
Insulin
C:GE, various
ratios
Transport through
porcine skin; changes
in skin structure
detected by Fourier
transform infrared
spectroscopy
Tanner et al.
(2018)
Nobiletin
C:GE 1:2
Transport through
porcine skin
Increased plasma
concentrations and
hypoglycemic
effect in normal
rats
Hattori et al.
(2019)
Fluorescent
dextrins
C:GE 1:2
Transport through
porcine skin; changes
in skin structure
detected by Fourier
transform infrared
spectroscopy
(mechanistic study)
Qi and
Mitragotri
(2019)
Acarbose,
ruxolitinib
CAGE and
similar
Transport through skin;
correlation with
bidimensional nuclear
magnetic resonance
spectroscopy
Tanner et al.
(2019)
For abbreviations, see Table 1
2.3.5 Oral Applications
After the observations on the transcutaneous passage of insulin, the effect of formulation in deep eutectic solvents on its oral bioavailability was investigated (Banerjee
et  al. 2018a). Administration of insulin by the oral route has been a goal of
C.-H. Nguyen et al.