386
M. Svrˇ cek
the Josephson equations [143] without the need for any microscopic concept of
superconductivity, as it was also shown by Feynman [144]. Only the ground state
and the excitation states of the superconductors have a microscopic explanation, in
the same way as all solids must be microscopically described. However, microscopic
theory yields merely the symmetry broken states but not transitions between them.
We therefore need the concept of megascopic quantum jumps appearing either on the
microscopic or the macroscopic level, standing in the same relation to the microscopic
tunnelling as the concept of microscopic quantum jumps in the Bohr model stands
to the classical electronic movement in the Rutherford model.
During these megascopic quantum jumps the pairs of electrons (valence orbitals
forming some kind of “chemical bonds” occupied by two electrons with opposite
spins) have a chance either to be relocated in diverse directions, or to return into their
original position, depending on the external magnetic field that determines the einselection factor. The superconducting carriers do not recognize Cooper pairing; they are
identical with the optimal transformed doubly occupied valence-like orbitals. Unlike
BCS theory, which associates this phase with the motion of carriers in Bloch’s k
space, our megascopic interpretation associates the phase with the macroscopic l
space, orthogonal to Bloch’s k space.
Hence it is evident that a microscopic theory (BCS), based on the microscopic
dynamics of superconducting carriers, whatever these may be, and whether unpaired
or Cooper paired electrons, polarons, bipolarons etc.—is, in view of our megascopic
interpretation, wrong. To overthrow the corpuscular philosophy in the Peirce’s argument, and to explain the Meissner effect and superconductivity a holistic megascopic
quantum theory is necessary.
In addition to superconductivity and superfluidity, we have also analysed other
megascopic phenomena on both the microscopic and the macroscopic levels, taking
into account equilibrium processes of both adiabatic and non-adiabatic systems as
well as non-equilibrium processes, see e.g. the complete list in Table 1: isomeric
transitions, the Jahn-Teller effect, chemical reactions, the Einstein-de Haas effect,
superconductivity and superfluidity, and the brittle fracture.
Note that post-Cartesian classical chemistry deals with material objects from
atoms up to molecules, while standard quantum chemistry is a result of an implantation of post-Cartesian classical chemistry ideas into pre-Cartesian quantum physics.
On the other hand, one can alternatively build an authentic pre-Cartesian quantum
chemistry on quantum megascopic axioms, embracing in addition to chemistry and
chemical reactions also all the above mentioned megascopic phenomena.
Furthermore, the concept of megascopic quantum jumps resolves many of the
paradoxes of quantum physics: accepting that all processes in the Universe consist
of only microscopic and megascopic irreversible events and that the origin of time is
rooted in megascopic events, then the problem of the arrow of time is automatically
solved. Emergent reversibility can only appear in subsystems with no SSB (most
adiabatic systems) where a one-to-one correspondence between the mechanical and
the field states holds, with the result that these subsystems can be fully described
by the time-reversible Schrödinger equation. This is commensurate with the answer
to von Weizsäcker’s problem [27], where he correctly recognized irreversibility as a
M. Svrˇ cek
the Josephson equations [143] without the need for any microscopic concept of
superconductivity, as it was also shown by Feynman [144]. Only the ground state
and the excitation states of the superconductors have a microscopic explanation, in
the same way as all solids must be microscopically described. However, microscopic
theory yields merely the symmetry broken states but not transitions between them.
We therefore need the concept of megascopic quantum jumps appearing either on the
microscopic or the macroscopic level, standing in the same relation to the microscopic
tunnelling as the concept of microscopic quantum jumps in the Bohr model stands
to the classical electronic movement in the Rutherford model.
During these megascopic quantum jumps the pairs of electrons (valence orbitals
forming some kind of “chemical bonds” occupied by two electrons with opposite
spins) have a chance either to be relocated in diverse directions, or to return into their
original position, depending on the external magnetic field that determines the einselection factor. The superconducting carriers do not recognize Cooper pairing; they are
identical with the optimal transformed doubly occupied valence-like orbitals. Unlike
BCS theory, which associates this phase with the motion of carriers in Bloch’s k
space, our megascopic interpretation associates the phase with the macroscopic l
space, orthogonal to Bloch’s k space.
Hence it is evident that a microscopic theory (BCS), based on the microscopic
dynamics of superconducting carriers, whatever these may be, and whether unpaired
or Cooper paired electrons, polarons, bipolarons etc.—is, in view of our megascopic
interpretation, wrong. To overthrow the corpuscular philosophy in the Peirce’s argument, and to explain the Meissner effect and superconductivity a holistic megascopic
quantum theory is necessary.
In addition to superconductivity and superfluidity, we have also analysed other
megascopic phenomena on both the microscopic and the macroscopic levels, taking
into account equilibrium processes of both adiabatic and non-adiabatic systems as
well as non-equilibrium processes, see e.g. the complete list in Table 1: isomeric
transitions, the Jahn-Teller effect, chemical reactions, the Einstein-de Haas effect,
superconductivity and superfluidity, and the brittle fracture.
Note that post-Cartesian classical chemistry deals with material objects from
atoms up to molecules, while standard quantum chemistry is a result of an implantation of post-Cartesian classical chemistry ideas into pre-Cartesian quantum physics.
On the other hand, one can alternatively build an authentic pre-Cartesian quantum
chemistry on quantum megascopic axioms, embracing in addition to chemistry and
chemical reactions also all the above mentioned megascopic phenomena.
Furthermore, the concept of megascopic quantum jumps resolves many of the
paradoxes of quantum physics: accepting that all processes in the Universe consist
of only microscopic and megascopic irreversible events and that the origin of time is
rooted in megascopic events, then the problem of the arrow of time is automatically
solved. Emergent reversibility can only appear in subsystems with no SSB (most
adiabatic systems) where a one-to-one correspondence between the mechanical and
the field states holds, with the result that these subsystems can be fully described
by the time-reversible Schrödinger equation. This is commensurate with the answer
to von Weizsäcker’s problem [27], where he correctly recognized irreversibility as a