364
M. Svrˇ cek
Let us now discuss other megascopic phenomena. Ferromagnetism can be understood as a macroscopic analogy of microscopic isomerism. Both phenomena have a
microscopic quantum explanation. But the tunnelling between different isomers and
between ferromagnets with different spin orientation is of megascopic origin and has
no microscopic clarification. The latter case is known as the Einstein-de Haas effect
[118] or Richardson effect [145]. Richardson was the first to conclude, from the
principle of the conservation of angular momentum that the change in the magnetic
moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. At that time no electron spin was
known, so Richardson derived a prequantum relation between the magnetization M o
and total orbital angular momentum J o of the motion
M o =
e
2m
J o
(14.18)
where e and m stand for electron charge and mass. But as soon as the electron
spin was discovered in 1925, it was clear that its contribution to the Einstein-de Haas
effect in ferromagnets significantly predominates over the contribution of the angular
momentum. So instead of Eq. (14.18) one has
M s =
e
m
J s
(14.19)
with a gyromagnetic factor equal to 2. For deeper insight into the exact value of
the gyromagnetic factor, see e.g. Maruani’s article [146]. The similarity between
Eqs. (14.18) and (14.19) demonstrates that the spin momentum should be of the
same nature as the angular momentum of rotating bodies as conceived in classical
mechanics. Quoting Maruani regarding the explanation he says in his work [147]:
“The Dirac equation, which was derived by combining the relativistic invariance
condition with the quantum probability principle, showed its fecundity by explaining
the half-integer spin of fermions and by predicting antiparticles. In previous papers,
we conjectured that the spinning motion of the electron was that of a massless charge
moving at light velocity, this internal motion being responsible for the electron rest
mass involved in external motions and interactions.”
Proceeding further to non-equilibrium phenomena with the focus on chemical
reactions. Quantum chemists usually and successfully formulate the problem and
solve them with the help of microscopic quantum physical equations often without further thinking. They calculate potential energy surfaces (PES) of interacting
molecules finding energy landscapes including energy minima and maxima, construing their results to interpret the investigated chemical reactions. This concept,
however, does not answer the question, what a chemical reaction really amounts
to. The critical point comes when PES’s cross. This metaphysical concept is a fundamental consequence of the application of the B-O approximation, exactly as the
misunderstood J-T effect. True quantum mechanical solutions, treating electrons and
nuclei on the same footing, never lead to any symmetry breaking in J-T systems, as
well as to any chemical reactions, since they do not recognize the individuality of
molecules and their constituents. Only the true field solution based on the Goldstone
M. Svrˇ cek
Let us now discuss other megascopic phenomena. Ferromagnetism can be understood as a macroscopic analogy of microscopic isomerism. Both phenomena have a
microscopic quantum explanation. But the tunnelling between different isomers and
between ferromagnets with different spin orientation is of megascopic origin and has
no microscopic clarification. The latter case is known as the Einstein-de Haas effect
[118] or Richardson effect [145]. Richardson was the first to conclude, from the
principle of the conservation of angular momentum that the change in the magnetic
moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. At that time no electron spin was
known, so Richardson derived a prequantum relation between the magnetization M o
and total orbital angular momentum J o of the motion
M o =
e
2m
J o
(14.18)
where e and m stand for electron charge and mass. But as soon as the electron
spin was discovered in 1925, it was clear that its contribution to the Einstein-de Haas
effect in ferromagnets significantly predominates over the contribution of the angular
momentum. So instead of Eq. (14.18) one has
M s =
e
m
J s
(14.19)
with a gyromagnetic factor equal to 2. For deeper insight into the exact value of
the gyromagnetic factor, see e.g. Maruani’s article [146]. The similarity between
Eqs. (14.18) and (14.19) demonstrates that the spin momentum should be of the
same nature as the angular momentum of rotating bodies as conceived in classical
mechanics. Quoting Maruani regarding the explanation he says in his work [147]:
“The Dirac equation, which was derived by combining the relativistic invariance
condition with the quantum probability principle, showed its fecundity by explaining
the half-integer spin of fermions and by predicting antiparticles. In previous papers,
we conjectured that the spinning motion of the electron was that of a massless charge
moving at light velocity, this internal motion being responsible for the electron rest
mass involved in external motions and interactions.”
Proceeding further to non-equilibrium phenomena with the focus on chemical
reactions. Quantum chemists usually and successfully formulate the problem and
solve them with the help of microscopic quantum physical equations often without further thinking. They calculate potential energy surfaces (PES) of interacting
molecules finding energy landscapes including energy minima and maxima, construing their results to interpret the investigated chemical reactions. This concept,
however, does not answer the question, what a chemical reaction really amounts
to. The critical point comes when PES’s cross. This metaphysical concept is a fundamental consequence of the application of the B-O approximation, exactly as the
misunderstood J-T effect. True quantum mechanical solutions, treating electrons and
nuclei on the same footing, never lead to any symmetry breaking in J-T systems, as
well as to any chemical reactions, since they do not recognize the individuality of
molecules and their constituents. Only the true field solution based on the Goldstone