297
pharmaceutical applications as well. Exploring cyclodextrin polymers in drug
delivery was not immediate because of the obvious concerns on biocompatibility
and toxicity of those new materials.
The challenges cyclodextrin polymers face today mostly have to do with safety
and cost, if their promising features, conscientiously proven in the thousands of
investigations published so far, are expected to cross the bridge between academia
and industry. Even though many of the raw cross-linking agents needed to prepare
these cyclodextrin polymers are toxic, once the product is finished, it can be considered “clean.” This new material obviously needs yet to be tested following the protocols applicable in each case, depending on their uses.
In many pharmaceutical applications, the final cost of the produced carriers will
not be a concern if they are designed as “high-tech” smart gels or vectors suitable
for some particular purposes. On the other hand, for food-related applications, cost
is a major concern. For instance, a higher efficiency in the removal of a certain bitter
agent will not justify the replacement of a low-cost sorbent with a somewhat lower
performance.
Finally, among the features required for the new cyclodextrin polymers to be
designed in the near future, sustainability is a must. The new materials, especially
those designed for large-scale applications, need to be as “green” as possible.
Natural cyclodextrins themselves do fulfil this criterion, and polymers made from
them should also be produced by means of the new ways of doing chemistry in the
twenty-first century.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank University of Navarra (PIUNA 2018-15) for the
financial support, and MP gratefully acknowledges Asociación de Amigos (Universidad de
Navarra) for his grant.
References
Adeoye O, Cabral-Marques H (2017) Cyclodextrin nanosystems in oral drug delivery: a mini
review. Int J Pharm 531:521–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.050
Alvarez-Lorenzo C, García-González CA, Concheiro A (2017) Cyclodextrins as versatile building
blocks for regenerative medicine. J Control Release 268:269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jconrel.2017.10.038
Andrade-Del Olmo J, Pérez-Álvarez L, Hernáez E, Ruiz-Rubio L, Vilas-Vilela JL (2019)
Antibacterial multilayer of chitosan and (2-carboxyethyl)-β-cyclodextrin onto polylactic acid
(PLLA). Food Hydrocoll 88:228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.014
Ansari KA, Vavia PR, Trotta F, Cavalli R (2011) Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges for delivery
of resveratrol: in vitro characterisation, stability, cytotoxicity and permeation study. AAPS
PharmSciTech 12:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-011-9584-3
Asanuma H, Kakazu M, Shibata M, Hishiya T, Komiyama M (1998) Synthesis of molecularly
imprinted polymer of β-cyclodextrin for the efficient recognition of cholesterol. Supramol Sci
5:417–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-5677(98)00042-X
Bhaskar M, Aruna P, Jeevan RJG, Radhakrishnan G (2004) β-Cyclodextrin-polyurethane polymer
as solid phase extraction material for the analysis of carcinogenic aromatic amines. Anal Chim
Acta 509:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.015
6 Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications…
pharmaceutical applications as well. Exploring cyclodextrin polymers in drug
delivery was not immediate because of the obvious concerns on biocompatibility
and toxicity of those new materials.
The challenges cyclodextrin polymers face today mostly have to do with safety
and cost, if their promising features, conscientiously proven in the thousands of
investigations published so far, are expected to cross the bridge between academia
and industry. Even though many of the raw cross-linking agents needed to prepare
these cyclodextrin polymers are toxic, once the product is finished, it can be considered “clean.” This new material obviously needs yet to be tested following the protocols applicable in each case, depending on their uses.
In many pharmaceutical applications, the final cost of the produced carriers will
not be a concern if they are designed as “high-tech” smart gels or vectors suitable
for some particular purposes. On the other hand, for food-related applications, cost
is a major concern. For instance, a higher efficiency in the removal of a certain bitter
agent will not justify the replacement of a low-cost sorbent with a somewhat lower
performance.
Finally, among the features required for the new cyclodextrin polymers to be
designed in the near future, sustainability is a must. The new materials, especially
those designed for large-scale applications, need to be as “green” as possible.
Natural cyclodextrins themselves do fulfil this criterion, and polymers made from
them should also be produced by means of the new ways of doing chemistry in the
twenty-first century.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank University of Navarra (PIUNA 2018-15) for the
financial support, and MP gratefully acknowledges Asociación de Amigos (Universidad de
Navarra) for his grant.
References
Adeoye O, Cabral-Marques H (2017) Cyclodextrin nanosystems in oral drug delivery: a mini
review. Int J Pharm 531:521–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.050
Alvarez-Lorenzo C, García-González CA, Concheiro A (2017) Cyclodextrins as versatile building
blocks for regenerative medicine. J Control Release 268:269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jconrel.2017.10.038
Andrade-Del Olmo J, Pérez-Álvarez L, Hernáez E, Ruiz-Rubio L, Vilas-Vilela JL (2019)
Antibacterial multilayer of chitosan and (2-carboxyethyl)-β-cyclodextrin onto polylactic acid
(PLLA). Food Hydrocoll 88:228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.014
Ansari KA, Vavia PR, Trotta F, Cavalli R (2011) Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges for delivery
of resveratrol: in vitro characterisation, stability, cytotoxicity and permeation study. AAPS
PharmSciTech 12:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-011-9584-3
Asanuma H, Kakazu M, Shibata M, Hishiya T, Komiyama M (1998) Synthesis of molecularly
imprinted polymer of β-cyclodextrin for the efficient recognition of cholesterol. Supramol Sci
5:417–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-5677(98)00042-X
Bhaskar M, Aruna P, Jeevan RJG, Radhakrishnan G (2004) β-Cyclodextrin-polyurethane polymer
as solid phase extraction material for the analysis of carcinogenic aromatic amines. Anal Chim
Acta 509:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.015
6 Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications…