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Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations
• Operator Comfort ( OC): OC provides specifications ( such as viewing, posture, arm position, work surfaces, and foot comfort) to design an ergonomic
CW layout and reduce operator discomfort ( Sauter, Schleifer, & Knutson,
1991). OC also provides specifications for lighting, acoustics, temperature,
ventilation, and emissions to improve operator w ell-being and productivity
( Corlett & McAtamney, 1988).
• Input Output ( IO): IO provides HF/ E specifications for operator-friendly
HMI. IO devices addressed by the standard include keyboard, mouse, trackball,
puck device, light pen, stylus, tablet, overlay, touch panel, joystick, and display
( ANSI/ HFES-100, 2007). Part of this study is designed to validate the applicability of ANSI/ HFES-100 standard’s IO category on UAS GCS IO interfaces.
SenSemaking: Data/ frame moDel
Humans have been applying “ sensemaking” since we first started asking questions such as who? when? how? where? and why? The literal definition of the word
“ sensemaking” is as simple as it sounds; “ making sense” of the situation at hand.
Sensemaking can also be viewed as a pursuit for accuracy ( Gioia, 2006). The concept of sensemaking originated as an organizational literature in 1960s ( Maitlis &
Christianson, 2014). Sensemaking guides evaluators to assess the situation, with a
purpose of extracting meaningful data points ( clues). That can explain the situation
retrospectively. The main objective of sensemaking is to envisage the relationship
between actions performed and the action’s interpretation, without being influenced
by the availability of choices ( Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005). Therefore, sensemaking is considered as a process that is prompted by violated expectation ( Kilskar,
Danielsen, & Johnsen, 2020), thus resulting in leaving cues in the environment. These
cues are then collected through an iterative investigation process to find further clues,
leading to a clear/ better understanding of the situation ( Maitlis & Christianson, 2014).
In the context of UAS GCS application, a data/ frame model has been researched
by United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral & Social Sciences. This
model can be tweaked and utilized to extract valuable information for the purpose of
this study. The model was designed to evaluate/ analyze situations and be able to put
together a puzzle that an untrained eye cannot see ( Sieck, Klein, Peluso, Smith, &
Harris-Thompson, 2007; Klein, Phillips, Rall, & Peluso, 2007).
The operator’s sensemaking must support decisions and continuous adjustments
that are made to the UAS, which is flying in a removed, intricate, and rapidly changing
environment ( Kaste, 2012). With the help of “ Data/ Frame theory of Sensemaking,”
we can envision how UAS GCS operators use knowledge to handle complex situations during flight. According to this model, coders ( evaluators) review data to find
cues and assign a frame to it for organization. As more cues are acquired, the frame
is questioned. The coder may restore or replace it with more precise frame. The
organized data allow coders to visualize information that was missed or overlooked
before ( Klein, Phillips, Rall, & Peluso, 2007). The framing process used in this study
for sensemaking is derived from the “ Data/ Frame Model.” Figure 13.4 shows a variation of the model intended to be used in this study.
Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations
• Operator Comfort ( OC): OC provides specifications ( such as viewing, posture, arm position, work surfaces, and foot comfort) to design an ergonomic
CW layout and reduce operator discomfort ( Sauter, Schleifer, & Knutson,
1991). OC also provides specifications for lighting, acoustics, temperature,
ventilation, and emissions to improve operator w ell-being and productivity
( Corlett & McAtamney, 1988).
• Input Output ( IO): IO provides HF/ E specifications for operator-friendly
HMI. IO devices addressed by the standard include keyboard, mouse, trackball,
puck device, light pen, stylus, tablet, overlay, touch panel, joystick, and display
( ANSI/ HFES-100, 2007). Part of this study is designed to validate the applicability of ANSI/ HFES-100 standard’s IO category on UAS GCS IO interfaces.
SenSemaking: Data/ frame moDel
Humans have been applying “ sensemaking” since we first started asking questions such as who? when? how? where? and why? The literal definition of the word
“ sensemaking” is as simple as it sounds; “ making sense” of the situation at hand.
Sensemaking can also be viewed as a pursuit for accuracy ( Gioia, 2006). The concept of sensemaking originated as an organizational literature in 1960s ( Maitlis &
Christianson, 2014). Sensemaking guides evaluators to assess the situation, with a
purpose of extracting meaningful data points ( clues). That can explain the situation
retrospectively. The main objective of sensemaking is to envisage the relationship
between actions performed and the action’s interpretation, without being influenced
by the availability of choices ( Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005). Therefore, sensemaking is considered as a process that is prompted by violated expectation ( Kilskar,
Danielsen, & Johnsen, 2020), thus resulting in leaving cues in the environment. These
cues are then collected through an iterative investigation process to find further clues,
leading to a clear/ better understanding of the situation ( Maitlis & Christianson, 2014).
In the context of UAS GCS application, a data/ frame model has been researched
by United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral & Social Sciences. This
model can be tweaked and utilized to extract valuable information for the purpose of
this study. The model was designed to evaluate/ analyze situations and be able to put
together a puzzle that an untrained eye cannot see ( Sieck, Klein, Peluso, Smith, &
Harris-Thompson, 2007; Klein, Phillips, Rall, & Peluso, 2007).
The operator’s sensemaking must support decisions and continuous adjustments
that are made to the UAS, which is flying in a removed, intricate, and rapidly changing
environment ( Kaste, 2012). With the help of “ Data/ Frame theory of Sensemaking,”
we can envision how UAS GCS operators use knowledge to handle complex situations during flight. According to this model, coders ( evaluators) review data to find
cues and assign a frame to it for organization. As more cues are acquired, the frame
is questioned. The coder may restore or replace it with more precise frame. The
organized data allow coders to visualize information that was missed or overlooked
before ( Klein, Phillips, Rall, & Peluso, 2007). The framing process used in this study
for sensemaking is derived from the “ Data/ Frame Model.” Figure 13.4 shows a variation of the model intended to be used in this study.