215
Application of Sensemaking
However, they have the moderate level of direct flight control through a
joystick.
• Ground control: UAS cannot perform mission plan autonomously. The
operators are bound to directly control the UAS typically with a joystick
from takeoff to landing.
uaS categorieS
The UAS come in different shapes and sizes. The United States Department of
Defense ( U.S. DoD) has categorized them into five specific groups. The categories
are based on altitude, weight, endurance, and speed. Low endurance UAS belong to
Group 1 while the high endurance UAS belong to Group 5 ( Weatherington, 2010).
Table 13.1 describes the UAS groups:
uaS miShaP StuDieS
Numerous studies indicate that human factors are found to be involved in 50%–69%
of all UAS mishaps, and overall 16%–25% of these mishaps are directly associated
with HF/ E in UAS GCS designs. The variation between the results of these studies
is due to the varying taxonomies/ models used when performing analyses. Below is a
snapshot of these UAS mishap studies:
• Manning applied the human factors analysis and classification system
( HFACS) model to assess the UAS mishaps. He found that 61% of mishaps
studied were due to human factors; of these 19% were linked to HF/ E in
UAS GCS. Study highlighted inadequate attention to ergonomics of control
layouts and input devices as being the probable cause for high HF mishap
rate ( e.g., wrist bent angle when using GCS IO, position/ location of IO controls) ( Manning, Rash, LeDuc, Noback, & McKeon, 2004)
• Rogers applied human-system issues taxonomy to study human factors in
UAS mishaps. He found that 69% of mishaps studied were due to human
factors; of these 16% were linked to HF/ E in UAS GCS. He found that, HF/E-related mishaps can be minimized if the UAS developers concentrate on
human-system integration of GCS IO devices when designing and testing
TABLE 13.1
UAS Groups ( Chanda, et al., 2010)
UAS
Weight (lb)
Altitude
Air Speed ( knots)
Group 1
0–20
<1,200 AGL
<100
Group 2
21–55
<3,500 AGL
<250
Group 3
<1,320
<18,000 MSL
Group 4
>1,320
Any airspeed
Group 5
>18,000 MSL
Application of Sensemaking
However, they have the moderate level of direct flight control through a
joystick.
• Ground control: UAS cannot perform mission plan autonomously. The
operators are bound to directly control the UAS typically with a joystick
from takeoff to landing.
uaS categorieS
The UAS come in different shapes and sizes. The United States Department of
Defense ( U.S. DoD) has categorized them into five specific groups. The categories
are based on altitude, weight, endurance, and speed. Low endurance UAS belong to
Group 1 while the high endurance UAS belong to Group 5 ( Weatherington, 2010).
Table 13.1 describes the UAS groups:
uaS miShaP StuDieS
Numerous studies indicate that human factors are found to be involved in 50%–69%
of all UAS mishaps, and overall 16%–25% of these mishaps are directly associated
with HF/ E in UAS GCS designs. The variation between the results of these studies
is due to the varying taxonomies/ models used when performing analyses. Below is a
snapshot of these UAS mishap studies:
• Manning applied the human factors analysis and classification system
( HFACS) model to assess the UAS mishaps. He found that 61% of mishaps
studied were due to human factors; of these 19% were linked to HF/ E in
UAS GCS. Study highlighted inadequate attention to ergonomics of control
layouts and input devices as being the probable cause for high HF mishap
rate ( e.g., wrist bent angle when using GCS IO, position/ location of IO controls) ( Manning, Rash, LeDuc, Noback, & McKeon, 2004)
• Rogers applied human-system issues taxonomy to study human factors in
UAS mishaps. He found that 69% of mishaps studied were due to human
factors; of these 16% were linked to HF/ E in UAS GCS. He found that, HF/E-related mishaps can be minimized if the UAS developers concentrate on
human-system integration of GCS IO devices when designing and testing
TABLE 13.1
UAS Groups ( Chanda, et al., 2010)
UAS
Weight (lb)
Altitude
Air Speed ( knots)
Group 1
0–20
<1,200 AGL
<100
Group 2
21–55
<3,500 AGL
<250
Group 3
<1,320
<18,000 MSL
Group 4
>1,320
Any airspeed
Group 5
>18,000 MSL