431
Introduction to Refining Processes
feedstock. Many refineries already have gasification capabilities but the trend will increase to the
point (over the next two decades) where nearly all refineries feel the need to construct a gasification
section to handle residua and other feedstocks.
Other challenges facing the refining industry include its capital-intensive nature and dealing with
the disruptions to business operations that are inherent in industry. It is imperative for refiners to
raise their operations to new levels of performance. Merely extending current performance incrementally will fail to meet most company’s performance goals.
To circumvent these issues, there may be no way out of energy production than to co-process
alternative energy sources in which petroleum is processed with other energy sources and requires
new systems where refinery flexibility is a key target, especially when related to the increased use
of renewable energy sources (Szklo and Schaeffer, 2005).
REFERENCES
Abraham, H. 1945. Asphalts and Allied Substances, Vol. I. Van Nostrand, New York.
Babich, I.V. and Moulijn, J.A. 2003. Science and technology of novel processes for deep desulfurization of oil
refinery streams: A review. Fuel 82: 607–631.
Bland, W.F. and Davidson, R.L. 1967. Petroleum Processing Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Chadeesingh, R. 2011. The Fischer-Tropsch process. In The Biofuels Handbook, J.G. Speight (Ed.). The Royal
Society of Chemistry, London, U.K., Part 3.
Davis, R.A. and Patel, N.M. 2004. Refinery hydrogen management. Petroleum Technology Quarterly
Spring: 29–35.
Dickenson, R.L., Biasca, F.E., Schulman, B.L., and Johnson, H.E. 1997. Refiner options for converting and
utilizing heavy fuel oil. Hydrocarbon Processing 76(2): 57.
Ditman, J.G. 1973. Hydrocarbon Processing 52(5): 110.
Dunning, H.N. and Moore, J.W. 1957. Propane removes asphalts from crudes. Petroleum Refiner 36(5): 247–250.
Forbes, R.J. 1958. A History of Technology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Gary, J.H., Handwerk, G.E., and Kaiser, M.J. 2007. Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics, 5th edn.
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
Grassi, G. 2004. Biofuels utilization for heavy crude-oil refining or gasoline reformulation. Proceedings of the
2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, Rome, Italy, May 10–14.
Gruse, W.A. and Stevens, D.R. 1960. Chemical Technology of Petroleum. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hobson, G.D. and Pohl, W. 1973. Modern Petroleum Technology. Applied Science Publishers, Barking, U.K.
Hoiberg, A.J. 1960. Bituminous Materials: Asphalts, Tars and Pitches, Vols. I & II. Interscience, New York.
Hsu, C.S. and Robinson, P.R. (Eds.). 2006. Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing, Vols. 1 and 2. Springer
Science, New York.
Hubbert, M.K. 1962. Energy resources. Report to the Committee on Natural Resources, National Academy of
Sciences, Washington, DC.
Khan, M.R. and Patmore, D.J. 1997. Heavy oil upgrading processes. In Petroleum Chemistry and Refining,
J.G. Speight (Ed.). Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC.
Kobe, K.A. and McKetta, J.J. 1958. Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and Refining. Interscience, New York.
Lerner, B. 2002. The future of refining. Hydrocarbon Engineering, September.
McKetta, J.J. (Ed.). 1992. Petroleum Processing Handbook. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Motaghi, M., Shree, K., and Krishnamurthy, S. 2010a. Consider new methods for bottom of the barrel
processing—Part 1. Hydrocarbon Processing 89(2): 35–40.
Motaghi, M., Shree, K., and Krishnamurthy, S. 2010b. Consider new methods for bottom of the barrel
processing—Part 2. Hydrocarbon Processing 89(2): 55–88.
Mushrush, G.W. and Speight, J.G. 1995. Petroleum Products: Instability and Incompatibility. Taylor & Francis,
Washington, DC.
Mushrush, G.W. and Speight, J.G. 1998. Instability and incompatibility of petroleum products. In Petroleum
Chemistry and Refining, J.G. Speight (Ed.). Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC.
Nelson, W.L. 1958. Petroleum Refinery Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor. 1999. Petroleum refining
processes. In OSHA Technical Manual, Section IV, Chapter 2, Washington, DC. http://www.osha.gov/
dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html.
Penning, R.T. 2001. Petroleum refining: A look at the future. Hydrocarbon Processing 80(2): 45–46.
Introduction to Refining Processes
feedstock. Many refineries already have gasification capabilities but the trend will increase to the
point (over the next two decades) where nearly all refineries feel the need to construct a gasification
section to handle residua and other feedstocks.
Other challenges facing the refining industry include its capital-intensive nature and dealing with
the disruptions to business operations that are inherent in industry. It is imperative for refiners to
raise their operations to new levels of performance. Merely extending current performance incrementally will fail to meet most company’s performance goals.
To circumvent these issues, there may be no way out of energy production than to co-process
alternative energy sources in which petroleum is processed with other energy sources and requires
new systems where refinery flexibility is a key target, especially when related to the increased use
of renewable energy sources (Szklo and Schaeffer, 2005).
REFERENCES
Abraham, H. 1945. Asphalts and Allied Substances, Vol. I. Van Nostrand, New York.
Babich, I.V. and Moulijn, J.A. 2003. Science and technology of novel processes for deep desulfurization of oil
refinery streams: A review. Fuel 82: 607–631.
Bland, W.F. and Davidson, R.L. 1967. Petroleum Processing Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Chadeesingh, R. 2011. The Fischer-Tropsch process. In The Biofuels Handbook, J.G. Speight (Ed.). The Royal
Society of Chemistry, London, U.K., Part 3.
Davis, R.A. and Patel, N.M. 2004. Refinery hydrogen management. Petroleum Technology Quarterly
Spring: 29–35.
Dickenson, R.L., Biasca, F.E., Schulman, B.L., and Johnson, H.E. 1997. Refiner options for converting and
utilizing heavy fuel oil. Hydrocarbon Processing 76(2): 57.
Ditman, J.G. 1973. Hydrocarbon Processing 52(5): 110.
Dunning, H.N. and Moore, J.W. 1957. Propane removes asphalts from crudes. Petroleum Refiner 36(5): 247–250.
Forbes, R.J. 1958. A History of Technology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Gary, J.H., Handwerk, G.E., and Kaiser, M.J. 2007. Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics, 5th edn.
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
Grassi, G. 2004. Biofuels utilization for heavy crude-oil refining or gasoline reformulation. Proceedings of the
2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, Rome, Italy, May 10–14.
Gruse, W.A. and Stevens, D.R. 1960. Chemical Technology of Petroleum. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hobson, G.D. and Pohl, W. 1973. Modern Petroleum Technology. Applied Science Publishers, Barking, U.K.
Hoiberg, A.J. 1960. Bituminous Materials: Asphalts, Tars and Pitches, Vols. I & II. Interscience, New York.
Hsu, C.S. and Robinson, P.R. (Eds.). 2006. Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing, Vols. 1 and 2. Springer
Science, New York.
Hubbert, M.K. 1962. Energy resources. Report to the Committee on Natural Resources, National Academy of
Sciences, Washington, DC.
Khan, M.R. and Patmore, D.J. 1997. Heavy oil upgrading processes. In Petroleum Chemistry and Refining,
J.G. Speight (Ed.). Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC.
Kobe, K.A. and McKetta, J.J. 1958. Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and Refining. Interscience, New York.
Lerner, B. 2002. The future of refining. Hydrocarbon Engineering, September.
McKetta, J.J. (Ed.). 1992. Petroleum Processing Handbook. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Motaghi, M., Shree, K., and Krishnamurthy, S. 2010a. Consider new methods for bottom of the barrel
processing—Part 1. Hydrocarbon Processing 89(2): 35–40.
Motaghi, M., Shree, K., and Krishnamurthy, S. 2010b. Consider new methods for bottom of the barrel
processing—Part 2. Hydrocarbon Processing 89(2): 55–88.
Mushrush, G.W. and Speight, J.G. 1995. Petroleum Products: Instability and Incompatibility. Taylor & Francis,
Washington, DC.
Mushrush, G.W. and Speight, J.G. 1998. Instability and incompatibility of petroleum products. In Petroleum
Chemistry and Refining, J.G. Speight (Ed.). Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC.
Nelson, W.L. 1958. Petroleum Refinery Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, United States Department of Labor. 1999. Petroleum refining
processes. In OSHA Technical Manual, Section IV, Chapter 2, Washington, DC. http://www.osha.gov/
dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html.
Penning, R.T. 2001. Petroleum refining: A look at the future. Hydrocarbon Processing 80(2): 45–46.