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The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
of amines has been employed successfully. Examination of the products from oxidative degradation or hydrogenolysis as well as the products of alkylation, dealkylation, or scission of
carbon–nitrogen, carbon–oxygen, or carbon–sulfur bonds is one of the useful methods. Catalytic
hydrogenation or dehydrogenation in naphthenic-aromatic systems via naphthenic intermediates
is also of some value.
Questions about the nature of the metal species in petroleum have been ongoing for the past two
decades. Metals are important because of the manner in which they can interact with catalysts causing deactivation of the catalyst and also appearing to promote coke formation.
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy has been used for the determination of
trace elements in ash residues from various crude oils (Saban et al., 1984). The data were
applied to determining the origin and occurrence of crude oils as an aid in oil exploration.
Nevertheless, the technique does offer valuable information about the occurrence of trace
elements in petroleum.
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy has also been employed, in conjunction with
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy to investigate the metals types in petroleum.
The data showed that a considerable percentage (50%–80%) of the metals in a suite of crude oils
existed in the nonporphyrin form. These non-porphyrin metal species were relatively low molecular
weight (<400) species that were liberated when the tertiary structure of the asphalt material was
denatured by extraction.
Application of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) and ultraviolet–visible spectrometric analysis to the issue of the chemical environment of vanadium in various asphaltenes
(Goulon et al., 1984) indicated a contradiction in terms of the amount of metals in porphyrins environments and that the conclusions were method dependent.
The results of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies (Overfield et al., 1989) have
indicated a true molecular weight below 6000, which decreases with increasing temperature.
Such conclusions can benefit the processing of asphaltene-containing crude oil (such as heavy oil)
since they offer some insight into structure of the micelle and the behavior of asphaltenes under
processing conditions.
REFERENCES
Aczel, T. 1979. In Practical Mass Spectrometry, B.S. Middleditch (Ed.). Plenum Press, New York.
Ali, M.A. and Nofal, W.A. 1994. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for hydrocarbon
group type analysis of crude oils. Fuel Science and Technology International 12: 21–33.
Baker, E.W. 1966. Journal of the American Chemical Society 88: 2311–2315.
Baker, E.W. 1969. In Organic Geochemistry, G. Eglinton and M.T.J. Murphy (Eds.). Springer-Verlag,
New York.
Baker, E.W., Yen, T.F., Dickie, J.P., Rhodes, R.E., and Clark, L.F. 1967. Journal of the American Chemical
Society 89: 3631.
Bestougeff, M.A. 1967. Bulletin de la Société chimique de France, 4773.
Bjorseth, A. 1983. Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Bouquet, M. and Bailleul, A. 1982. In Petroanalysis ‘81. Advances in Analytical Chemistry in the Petroleum
Industry 1975–1982, G.B. Crump (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K.
Brandes, G.V. 1956. Brennstoff-Chem. 37: 263–267.
Branthaver, J.F. 1990. Porphyrins. In Fuel Science and Technology Handbook, J.G. Speight (Ed.). Marcel
Dekker Inc., New York.
Branthaver, J.F. and Dorrence, S.M. 1978. In Analytical Chemistry of Liquid Fuel Sources: Tar Sands, Oil
Shale, Coal, and Petroleum, P.C. Uden, S. Siggia, and H.B. Jensen (Eds.). Advances in Chemistry Series
No. 170. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Chapter 10.
Brooks, B.T., Boord, C.E., Kurtz, S.S. Jr., and Schmerling, L. (Eds.). 1954. The Chemistry of Petroleum
Hydrocarbons. Volume 1. Reinhold, New York.
Brown, J.K. and Ladner, W.R. 1960. Fuel 39: 87.
Bukka, K., Miller, J.D., Hanson, F.V., Misra, M., and Oblad, A.G. 1993. The influence of carboxylic acid content on bitumen viscosity. Fuel 73: 257–268.
The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
of amines has been employed successfully. Examination of the products from oxidative degradation or hydrogenolysis as well as the products of alkylation, dealkylation, or scission of
carbon–nitrogen, carbon–oxygen, or carbon–sulfur bonds is one of the useful methods. Catalytic
hydrogenation or dehydrogenation in naphthenic-aromatic systems via naphthenic intermediates
is also of some value.
Questions about the nature of the metal species in petroleum have been ongoing for the past two
decades. Metals are important because of the manner in which they can interact with catalysts causing deactivation of the catalyst and also appearing to promote coke formation.
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy has been used for the determination of
trace elements in ash residues from various crude oils (Saban et al., 1984). The data were
applied to determining the origin and occurrence of crude oils as an aid in oil exploration.
Nevertheless, the technique does offer valuable information about the occurrence of trace
elements in petroleum.
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy has also been employed, in conjunction with
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy to investigate the metals types in petroleum.
The data showed that a considerable percentage (50%–80%) of the metals in a suite of crude oils
existed in the nonporphyrin form. These non-porphyrin metal species were relatively low molecular
weight (<400) species that were liberated when the tertiary structure of the asphalt material was
denatured by extraction.
Application of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) and ultraviolet–visible spectrometric analysis to the issue of the chemical environment of vanadium in various asphaltenes
(Goulon et al., 1984) indicated a contradiction in terms of the amount of metals in porphyrins environments and that the conclusions were method dependent.
The results of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies (Overfield et al., 1989) have
indicated a true molecular weight below 6000, which decreases with increasing temperature.
Such conclusions can benefit the processing of asphaltene-containing crude oil (such as heavy oil)
since they offer some insight into structure of the micelle and the behavior of asphaltenes under
processing conditions.
REFERENCES
Aczel, T. 1979. In Practical Mass Spectrometry, B.S. Middleditch (Ed.). Plenum Press, New York.
Ali, M.A. and Nofal, W.A. 1994. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for hydrocarbon
group type analysis of crude oils. Fuel Science and Technology International 12: 21–33.
Baker, E.W. 1966. Journal of the American Chemical Society 88: 2311–2315.
Baker, E.W. 1969. In Organic Geochemistry, G. Eglinton and M.T.J. Murphy (Eds.). Springer-Verlag,
New York.
Baker, E.W., Yen, T.F., Dickie, J.P., Rhodes, R.E., and Clark, L.F. 1967. Journal of the American Chemical
Society 89: 3631.
Bestougeff, M.A. 1967. Bulletin de la Société chimique de France, 4773.
Bjorseth, A. 1983. Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Bouquet, M. and Bailleul, A. 1982. In Petroanalysis ‘81. Advances in Analytical Chemistry in the Petroleum
Industry 1975–1982, G.B. Crump (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K.
Brandes, G.V. 1956. Brennstoff-Chem. 37: 263–267.
Branthaver, J.F. 1990. Porphyrins. In Fuel Science and Technology Handbook, J.G. Speight (Ed.). Marcel
Dekker Inc., New York.
Branthaver, J.F. and Dorrence, S.M. 1978. In Analytical Chemistry of Liquid Fuel Sources: Tar Sands, Oil
Shale, Coal, and Petroleum, P.C. Uden, S. Siggia, and H.B. Jensen (Eds.). Advances in Chemistry Series
No. 170. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Chapter 10.
Brooks, B.T., Boord, C.E., Kurtz, S.S. Jr., and Schmerling, L. (Eds.). 1954. The Chemistry of Petroleum
Hydrocarbons. Volume 1. Reinhold, New York.
Brown, J.K. and Ladner, W.R. 1960. Fuel 39: 87.
Bukka, K., Miller, J.D., Hanson, F.V., Misra, M., and Oblad, A.G. 1993. The influence of carboxylic acid content on bitumen viscosity. Fuel 73: 257–268.