280
The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
Following from this an equation has been devised that is applicable to straight-run
lubricating distillates if the material contains between 25% and 75% of the carbon present in
naphthenic rings:
Refractivity intercept 1.0502 0.00020%C N
=
-
Although not specifically addressed in this chapter, the fractionation of petroleum (Chapter 9)
also plays a role, along with the physical testing methods, of evaluating petroleum as a refinery
feedstock.
For example, by careful selection of an appropriate technique it is possible to obtain a detailed
overview of feedstock or product composition that can be used for process predictions. Using the
adsorbent separation as an example it becomes possible to develop one or more petroleum maps and
determine how a crude oil might behave under specified process conditions.
This concept has been developed to the point where various physical parameters are used
as the ordinates and abscissa. However, it must be recognized that such maps do not give any
indication of the complex interactions that occur between, for example, such fractions as the
asphaltenes and resins (Koots and Speight, 1975; Speight, 1994), but it does allow predictions
of feedstock behavior. It must also be recognized that such a representation varies for different
feedstocks.
REFERENCES
Altgelt, K.H. and Gouw, T.H. 1979. Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis. Dekker, New York.
Baltus, R.E. and Anderson, J.L. 1984. Comparison of GPC elution and diffusion coefficients of asphaltenes.
Fuel 63: 530.
Blondel-Telouk, A., Loiseleur, H., Barreau, A., and Béhar, E., J.J. 1995. Determination of the average
molecular weight of petroleum cuts by vapor pressure depression. Fluid Phase Equilibria 110:
315–339.
Carbognani, L. 1997. Fast monitoring of C 20 -C 160 crude oil alkanes by size-exclusion chromatographyevaporative light scattering detection performed with silica columns. Journal of Chromatography A
788: 63–73.
Carbognani, L., Díaz-Gómez, L., Oldenburg, T.B.P., and Pereira-Almao, P. 2012. Determination of molecular masses for petroleum distillates by simulated distillation. CT&F—Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
4(5): 43–55.
Cooper, A.R. 1989. Determination of Molecular Weight. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Del Río, J.C. and Philp, R.P. 1999. Field ionization mass spectrometric study of high molecular weight hydrocarbons in a crude oil and a solid bitumen. Organic Geochemistry 30: 279–286.
Dolbear, G.E., Tang, A., and Moorehead, E.L. 1987. Upgrading studies with California, Mexican, and Middle
Eastern heavy oils. In Metal Complexes in Fossil Fuels, R.H. Filby and J.F. Branthaver (Eds.). Symposium
Series No. 344. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 220.
Ebert, L.B., Mills, D.R., and Scanlon, J.C. 1987. Preprints. Division of Petroleum Chemistry American
Chemical Society 32(2): 419.
Felix, G., Bertrand, C., and Van Gastel, F. 1985. Hydroprocessing of heavy oils and residua. Chromatographia
20(3): 155–160.
Fotland, P. and Anfindsen, H. 1996. Electrical conductivity of asphaltenes in organic solvents. Fuel Science and
Technology International 14: 101–115.
Fotland, P., Anfindsen, H., and Fadnes, F.H. 1993. Detection of asphaltene precipitation and amounts precipitated by measurement of electrical conductivity. Fluid Phase Equilibria 82: 157–164.
Hasan, M., Ali, M.F., and Arab, M. 1989. Structural characterization of Saudi Arabian extra light and light
crudes by 1-H and 13-C NMR spectroscopy. Fuel 68: 801–803.
Hayes, P.C. and Anderson, S.D. 1987. Journal of Chromatography 387: 333–346.
IP. 2012. Standard No. 143. Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products
1997. Institute of Petroleum, London, U.K.
The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
Following from this an equation has been devised that is applicable to straight-run
lubricating distillates if the material contains between 25% and 75% of the carbon present in
naphthenic rings:
Refractivity intercept 1.0502 0.00020%C N
=
-
Although not specifically addressed in this chapter, the fractionation of petroleum (Chapter 9)
also plays a role, along with the physical testing methods, of evaluating petroleum as a refinery
feedstock.
For example, by careful selection of an appropriate technique it is possible to obtain a detailed
overview of feedstock or product composition that can be used for process predictions. Using the
adsorbent separation as an example it becomes possible to develop one or more petroleum maps and
determine how a crude oil might behave under specified process conditions.
This concept has been developed to the point where various physical parameters are used
as the ordinates and abscissa. However, it must be recognized that such maps do not give any
indication of the complex interactions that occur between, for example, such fractions as the
asphaltenes and resins (Koots and Speight, 1975; Speight, 1994), but it does allow predictions
of feedstock behavior. It must also be recognized that such a representation varies for different
feedstocks.
REFERENCES
Altgelt, K.H. and Gouw, T.H. 1979. Chromatography in Petroleum Analysis. Dekker, New York.
Baltus, R.E. and Anderson, J.L. 1984. Comparison of GPC elution and diffusion coefficients of asphaltenes.
Fuel 63: 530.
Blondel-Telouk, A., Loiseleur, H., Barreau, A., and Béhar, E., J.J. 1995. Determination of the average
molecular weight of petroleum cuts by vapor pressure depression. Fluid Phase Equilibria 110:
315–339.
Carbognani, L. 1997. Fast monitoring of C 20 -C 160 crude oil alkanes by size-exclusion chromatographyevaporative light scattering detection performed with silica columns. Journal of Chromatography A
788: 63–73.
Carbognani, L., Díaz-Gómez, L., Oldenburg, T.B.P., and Pereira-Almao, P. 2012. Determination of molecular masses for petroleum distillates by simulated distillation. CT&F—Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro
4(5): 43–55.
Cooper, A.R. 1989. Determination of Molecular Weight. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Del Río, J.C. and Philp, R.P. 1999. Field ionization mass spectrometric study of high molecular weight hydrocarbons in a crude oil and a solid bitumen. Organic Geochemistry 30: 279–286.
Dolbear, G.E., Tang, A., and Moorehead, E.L. 1987. Upgrading studies with California, Mexican, and Middle
Eastern heavy oils. In Metal Complexes in Fossil Fuels, R.H. Filby and J.F. Branthaver (Eds.). Symposium
Series No. 344. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 220.
Ebert, L.B., Mills, D.R., and Scanlon, J.C. 1987. Preprints. Division of Petroleum Chemistry American
Chemical Society 32(2): 419.
Felix, G., Bertrand, C., and Van Gastel, F. 1985. Hydroprocessing of heavy oils and residua. Chromatographia
20(3): 155–160.
Fotland, P. and Anfindsen, H. 1996. Electrical conductivity of asphaltenes in organic solvents. Fuel Science and
Technology International 14: 101–115.
Fotland, P., Anfindsen, H., and Fadnes, F.H. 1993. Detection of asphaltene precipitation and amounts precipitated by measurement of electrical conductivity. Fluid Phase Equilibria 82: 157–164.
Hasan, M., Ali, M.F., and Arab, M. 1989. Structural characterization of Saudi Arabian extra light and light
crudes by 1-H and 13-C NMR spectroscopy. Fuel 68: 801–803.
Hayes, P.C. and Anderson, S.D. 1987. Journal of Chromatography 387: 333–346.
IP. 2012. Standard No. 143. Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products
1997. Institute of Petroleum, London, U.K.