240
The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
the solubility parameter is produced with the solubility parameters of the solvents used in solvent
separation procedures, and equating these parameters to the various fractions. However, the solubility parameter boundaries determined by the values for the eluting solvents that remove the fractions
from the adsorbent offer a further step in the evolution of petroleum maps (Long and Speight, 1989).
Measuring the overall solubility parameter of a petroleum fraction is a time-consuming chore.
Therefore, it is desirable to have a simpler, less time-consuming measurement that can be made on
petroleum fractions that will correlate with the solubility parameter and thus give an alternative
continuum in polarity. In fact, the hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio and other properties of petroleum fractions that can be correlated with the solubility parameter (Speight, 1994) also provide
correlation for the behavior of crude oils.
REFERENCES
ASTM D893. 2012. Standard Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating Oils. Annual Book of Standards,
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D2006-65. 2006. Method of Test for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils by
the Precipitation Method (Withdrawn 1975 but still in use by some laboratories). American Society for
Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D2007. 2012. Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils
and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method. Annual Book
of Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D4124. 2012. Standard Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four Fractions. Annual Book of
Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. 2012. Annual Book of Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
Boussingault, J.B. 1837. Memoire sur la composition des bitumens. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 64: 141.
Corbett, L.W. and Petrossi, U. 1978. Differences in distillation and solvent separated asphalt residua. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 17: 342–346.
Francisco, M.A. and Speight, J. G. 1984. Asphaltene characterization by a non-spectroscopic method. Preprints.
Division of Petroleum Chemistry American Chemical Society 29(1): 36.
Girdler, R.B. 1965. Constitution of asphaltenes and related studies. Proceedings of Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologists 34: 45.
Halvorsen, I.J. and Skogestad, S. 2000. Distillation theory. In Encyclopedia of Separation Science, I.D. Wilson
(Editor-in-chief). Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 1117–1134.
Hildebrand, J.H., Prausnitz, J.M., and Scott, R.L. 1970. Regular Solutions. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.
Hoiberg, A.J. 1964. Bituminous Materials: Asphalts, Tars and Pitches. Interscience, New York.
IP. 2005. Standard No. 143. Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products.
Institute of Petroleum, London, U.K.
Jewell, D.M., Weber, J.H., Bunger, J.W., Plancher, H., and Latham, D.R. 1972. Ion-exchange, coordination, and
adsorption chromatographic separation of heavy-end petroleum distillates. Analytical Chemistry 44: 1391.
Koots, J.A. and Speight, J.G. 1975. The relation of petroleum resins to asphaltenes. Fuel 54: 179.
Lei, Z., Chen, B., and Ding, Z. 2005. Special Distillation Processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Long, R.B. 1981. The concept of asphaltenes. In The Chemistry of Asphaltenes, J.W. Bunger and N. Li (Eds.).
Advances in Chemistry Series No. 195. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 17.
Long, R.B. and Speight, J.G. 1989. Studies in petroleum composition. I: Development of a compositional map
for various feedstocks. Revue Institut Français du Petrole 44: 205.
Long, R.B. and Speight, J.G. 1990. Studies in petroleum composition. III: The distribution of nitrogen species,
metals, and coke precursors during high vacuum distillation. Revue Institut Français du Petrole 45: 553.
Long, R.B. and Speight, J.G. 1998. The composition of petroleum. In Petroleum Chemistry and Refining.
Taylor & Francis Publishers, Washington, DC, Chapter 1.
McKay, J.F., Amend, P.J., Cogswell, T.E., Harnsberger, P.M., Erickson, R.B., and Latham, D.R. 1977. Preprints.
Division of Petroleum Chemistry American Chemical Society 22(2): 708.
McKay, J.F., Cogswell, T.E., Weber, J.H., and Latham, D.R. 1975. Analysis of acids in high-boiling petroleum
distillates. Fuel 54: 50–61.
McKay, J.F., Weber, J.H., and Latham, D.R. 1976. Characterization of nitrogen bases in high-boiling petroleum
distillates. Analytical Chemistry 48: 891–898.
The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
the solubility parameter is produced with the solubility parameters of the solvents used in solvent
separation procedures, and equating these parameters to the various fractions. However, the solubility parameter boundaries determined by the values for the eluting solvents that remove the fractions
from the adsorbent offer a further step in the evolution of petroleum maps (Long and Speight, 1989).
Measuring the overall solubility parameter of a petroleum fraction is a time-consuming chore.
Therefore, it is desirable to have a simpler, less time-consuming measurement that can be made on
petroleum fractions that will correlate with the solubility parameter and thus give an alternative
continuum in polarity. In fact, the hydrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio and other properties of petroleum fractions that can be correlated with the solubility parameter (Speight, 1994) also provide
correlation for the behavior of crude oils.
REFERENCES
ASTM D893. 2012. Standard Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating Oils. Annual Book of Standards,
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D2006-65. 2006. Method of Test for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils by
the Precipitation Method (Withdrawn 1975 but still in use by some laboratories). American Society for
Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D2007. 2012. Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils
and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method. Annual Book
of Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D4124. 2012. Standard Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four Fractions. Annual Book of
Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. 2012. Annual Book of Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
Boussingault, J.B. 1837. Memoire sur la composition des bitumens. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 64: 141.
Corbett, L.W. and Petrossi, U. 1978. Differences in distillation and solvent separated asphalt residua. Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 17: 342–346.
Francisco, M.A. and Speight, J. G. 1984. Asphaltene characterization by a non-spectroscopic method. Preprints.
Division of Petroleum Chemistry American Chemical Society 29(1): 36.
Girdler, R.B. 1965. Constitution of asphaltenes and related studies. Proceedings of Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologists 34: 45.
Halvorsen, I.J. and Skogestad, S. 2000. Distillation theory. In Encyclopedia of Separation Science, I.D. Wilson
(Editor-in-chief). Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 1117–1134.
Hildebrand, J.H., Prausnitz, J.M., and Scott, R.L. 1970. Regular Solutions. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.
Hoiberg, A.J. 1964. Bituminous Materials: Asphalts, Tars and Pitches. Interscience, New York.
IP. 2005. Standard No. 143. Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products.
Institute of Petroleum, London, U.K.
Jewell, D.M., Weber, J.H., Bunger, J.W., Plancher, H., and Latham, D.R. 1972. Ion-exchange, coordination, and
adsorption chromatographic separation of heavy-end petroleum distillates. Analytical Chemistry 44: 1391.
Koots, J.A. and Speight, J.G. 1975. The relation of petroleum resins to asphaltenes. Fuel 54: 179.
Lei, Z., Chen, B., and Ding, Z. 2005. Special Distillation Processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Long, R.B. 1981. The concept of asphaltenes. In The Chemistry of Asphaltenes, J.W. Bunger and N. Li (Eds.).
Advances in Chemistry Series No. 195. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p. 17.
Long, R.B. and Speight, J.G. 1989. Studies in petroleum composition. I: Development of a compositional map
for various feedstocks. Revue Institut Français du Petrole 44: 205.
Long, R.B. and Speight, J.G. 1990. Studies in petroleum composition. III: The distribution of nitrogen species,
metals, and coke precursors during high vacuum distillation. Revue Institut Français du Petrole 45: 553.
Long, R.B. and Speight, J.G. 1998. The composition of petroleum. In Petroleum Chemistry and Refining.
Taylor & Francis Publishers, Washington, DC, Chapter 1.
McKay, J.F., Amend, P.J., Cogswell, T.E., Harnsberger, P.M., Erickson, R.B., and Latham, D.R. 1977. Preprints.
Division of Petroleum Chemistry American Chemical Society 22(2): 708.
McKay, J.F., Cogswell, T.E., Weber, J.H., and Latham, D.R. 1975. Analysis of acids in high-boiling petroleum
distillates. Fuel 54: 50–61.
McKay, J.F., Weber, J.H., and Latham, D.R. 1976. Characterization of nitrogen bases in high-boiling petroleum
distillates. Analytical Chemistry 48: 891–898.