problems. This process requires important efforts, such as asking questions to collect specific data
from participants, analyzing data inductively, and interpreting the meaning of the data obtained.
The results of this study are usually flexible (Creswell 2010).
The qualitative research strategy to be used is the case study approach: the research strategy
carefully investigates a program, event, activity, process, or group of individuals. Cases are limited
by time and activity, and researchers gather complete information using various data collection
procedures based on a predetermined time (Stake in Creswell 2010).
The objective type of this research is explanatory, trying to explain the effect the different
screen-printing table designs used by operators had on the level of fatigue or physical complaints.
It is expected that this research will explain the effectiveness of screen-printing design when
used by several operators with different competencies and different work pose habits, related
to musculoskeletal complaints and the quality of printing results. The approach taken is to use an
experiment with a quasi-experimental design type, where the control group in the form of nonequivalent is determined based on the competence of the operator and puts forward a screen-printing
table design factor.
2.2 Nordic Body Map
The Nordic Body Map is a tool in the form of a questionnaire that is most often used to find
discomfort or pain in the body (Kroemer et al. 2001). This questionnaire was developed by Kourinka
in 1987, then in 1992 Dickinson modified it. Respondents who filled out the questionnaire were
asked to give a sign of the presence or absence of disturbance in the body area (Kroemer et al.
2001). The Nordic Body Map is intended to find out in more detail the parts of the body that
experience interference or pain when working. Although this questionnaire is subjective (Santoso
et al. 2014), it is standardized and valid enough to be used.
2.3 Posture of work
Work pose is human posture when interacting with work tools/equipment. A good work pose is
one that makes it possible to carry out work effectively and with minimal muscle effort. The
posture of not doing movement or work is standing, lying down, squatting, and sitting (Pheasant
1991). Workers’ positions and work poses when carrying out activities in the workplace affect
the physiological response of the workers. An unnatural/physiological work pose is the cause of
various disorders in the musculoskeletal system (Manuaba 1998). To overcome these problems, it
is necessary to know the criteria for an ideal work pose in carrying out an activity or work, such
as muscles that work statically or very little (Pheasant 1991; Palilingan et al. 2012b). In carrying
out tasks, using one’s hands is carried out easily and naturally. Changing or dynamic work poses
are better than relaxed static work poses, and a relaxed static work pose is better than a tense static
work pose.
According to Pheasant (1991), there are seven basic principles in overcoming posture while
working: prevent forward inclination of the neck and head; prevent forward inclination in the body;
prevent the use of upper limbs in a raised state; prevent body rotations in an asymmetrical (twisted)
pose; joints should be in the range of one-third of the maximum movement; and if you use muscle
power, it should be in a position that results in maximum strength.
2.4 Data procedures
The data collection process will be carried out in the following ways:
1. Literature Study
2. Interview
3. Observation of activities
4. Questionnaire
220
from participants, analyzing data inductively, and interpreting the meaning of the data obtained.
The results of this study are usually flexible (Creswell 2010).
The qualitative research strategy to be used is the case study approach: the research strategy
carefully investigates a program, event, activity, process, or group of individuals. Cases are limited
by time and activity, and researchers gather complete information using various data collection
procedures based on a predetermined time (Stake in Creswell 2010).
The objective type of this research is explanatory, trying to explain the effect the different
screen-printing table designs used by operators had on the level of fatigue or physical complaints.
It is expected that this research will explain the effectiveness of screen-printing design when
used by several operators with different competencies and different work pose habits, related
to musculoskeletal complaints and the quality of printing results. The approach taken is to use an
experiment with a quasi-experimental design type, where the control group in the form of nonequivalent is determined based on the competence of the operator and puts forward a screen-printing
table design factor.
2.2 Nordic Body Map
The Nordic Body Map is a tool in the form of a questionnaire that is most often used to find
discomfort or pain in the body (Kroemer et al. 2001). This questionnaire was developed by Kourinka
in 1987, then in 1992 Dickinson modified it. Respondents who filled out the questionnaire were
asked to give a sign of the presence or absence of disturbance in the body area (Kroemer et al.
2001). The Nordic Body Map is intended to find out in more detail the parts of the body that
experience interference or pain when working. Although this questionnaire is subjective (Santoso
et al. 2014), it is standardized and valid enough to be used.
2.3 Posture of work
Work pose is human posture when interacting with work tools/equipment. A good work pose is
one that makes it possible to carry out work effectively and with minimal muscle effort. The
posture of not doing movement or work is standing, lying down, squatting, and sitting (Pheasant
1991). Workers’ positions and work poses when carrying out activities in the workplace affect
the physiological response of the workers. An unnatural/physiological work pose is the cause of
various disorders in the musculoskeletal system (Manuaba 1998). To overcome these problems, it
is necessary to know the criteria for an ideal work pose in carrying out an activity or work, such
as muscles that work statically or very little (Pheasant 1991; Palilingan et al. 2012b). In carrying
out tasks, using one’s hands is carried out easily and naturally. Changing or dynamic work poses
are better than relaxed static work poses, and a relaxed static work pose is better than a tense static
work pose.
According to Pheasant (1991), there are seven basic principles in overcoming posture while
working: prevent forward inclination of the neck and head; prevent forward inclination in the body;
prevent the use of upper limbs in a raised state; prevent body rotations in an asymmetrical (twisted)
pose; joints should be in the range of one-third of the maximum movement; and if you use muscle
power, it should be in a position that results in maximum strength.
2.4 Data procedures
The data collection process will be carried out in the following ways:
1. Literature Study
2. Interview
3. Observation of activities
4. Questionnaire
220