Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol (2020) 172: 293–342
DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_94
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Published online: 1 May 2019
Alkaliphiles: The Emerging Biological Tools
Enhancing Concrete Durability
Gashaw Mamo and Bo Mattiasson
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
2 Biomineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
2.1 Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
2.2 Microbe-Mediated Silicate Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
3 Microorganisms in Concrete Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
3.1 Microbes in Repairing Existing Concrete Cracks: Manual Crack Fixing . . . . . . . . . . . 306
3.2 Use of Microbes for Concrete Surface Coating: Biodeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3.3 Microbial-Based Self-Healing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4 Factors That Determine the Efficiency of Microbes in Enhancing Concrete
Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
4.1 Type of Microorganism and Cell Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
4.2 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
4.3 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
4.4 Urea, Ca
2+ , and CO 3
2À Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
4.5 Calcium Carbonate Crystal Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Abstract Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials ever used.
Despite it is a very important and common construction material, concrete is very
sensitive to crack formation and requires repair. A variety of chemical-based techniques and materials have been developed to repair concrete cracks. Although the
use of these chemical-based repair systems are the best commercially available
choices, there have also been concerns related to their use. These repair agents suffer
G. Mamo (*)
Indienz AB, Billeberga, Sweden
e-mail: gashaw.mamo1@gmail.com
B. Mattiasson
Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
e-mail: bo.mattiasson@biotek.lu.se
DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_94
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Published online: 1 May 2019
Alkaliphiles: The Emerging Biological Tools
Enhancing Concrete Durability
Gashaw Mamo and Bo Mattiasson
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
2 Biomineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
2.1 Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
2.2 Microbe-Mediated Silicate Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
3 Microorganisms in Concrete Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
3.1 Microbes in Repairing Existing Concrete Cracks: Manual Crack Fixing . . . . . . . . . . . 306
3.2 Use of Microbes for Concrete Surface Coating: Biodeposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3.3 Microbial-Based Self-Healing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4 Factors That Determine the Efficiency of Microbes in Enhancing Concrete
Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
4.1 Type of Microorganism and Cell Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
4.2 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
4.3 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
4.4 Urea, Ca
2+ , and CO 3
2À Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
4.5 Calcium Carbonate Crystal Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Abstract Concrete is one of the most commonly used building materials ever used.
Despite it is a very important and common construction material, concrete is very
sensitive to crack formation and requires repair. A variety of chemical-based techniques and materials have been developed to repair concrete cracks. Although the
use of these chemical-based repair systems are the best commercially available
choices, there have also been concerns related to their use. These repair agents suffer
G. Mamo (*)
Indienz AB, Billeberga, Sweden
e-mail: gashaw.mamo1@gmail.com
B. Mattiasson
Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
e-mail: bo.mattiasson@biotek.lu.se