25. Hagihara H, Igarashi K, Hayashi Y, Endo K, Ikawa-Kitayama K, Ozaki K, Kawai S, Ito S
(2001) Novel α-amylase that is highly resistant to chelating reagents and chemical oxidants
from the alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate KSM-K38. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1744–1750
26. Dahiya P, Rathi P (2015) Characterization and application of alkaline α-amylase from Bacillus
licheniformis MTCC1483 as a detergent additive. Int Food Res J 22:1293–1297
27. Arikan B (2008) Highly thermostable, thermophilic, alkaline, SDS and chelator resistant
amylase from a thermophilic Bacillus sp. isolate A3-15. Bioresour Technol 99:3071–3076
28. Saxena RK, Dutt K, Agarwal L, Nayyar P (2007) A highly thermostable and alkaline amylase
from a Bacillus sp. PN5. Bioresour Technol 98:260–265
29. Burhan A, Coral G, Colak O, Aygan A, Gulnaz O (2003) Enzymatic properties of a novel
thermostable, thermophilic, alkaline and chelator resistant amylase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Isolate ANT-6. Process Biochem 38:1397–1403
30. Lo H-F, Lin L-L, Chen H-L, Hsu W-H, Chang C-T (2001) Enzymic properties of a
SDS-resistant Bacillus sp. TS-23 α-amylase produced by recombinant Escherichia coli.
Process Biochem 36:743–750
31. Igarashi K, Hatada Y, Hagihara H, Saeki K, Takaiwa M, Uemura T, Ara K, Ozaki K, Kawai S,
Kobayashi T, Ito S (1998) Enzymatic properties of a novel liquefying α-amylase from
an alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate and entire nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Appl Environ
Microbiol 64:3282–3289
32. Bernhardsdotter ECMJ, Ng JD, Garriott OK, Pusey ML (2005) Enzymic properties of an
alkaline chelator-resistant α-amylase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. isolate L1711. Process
Biochem 40:2401–2408
33. Ito S, Kobayashi T, Ara K, Ozaki K, Kawai S, Hatada Y (1998) Alkaline detergent enzymes
from alkaliphiles: enzymatic properties, genetics, and structures. Extremophiles 2:185–190
34. Nakamura N, Watanabe K, Horikoshi K (1975) Purification and some properties of alkaline
pullulanase from a strain of Bacillus No. 202-1, an alkalophilic microorganism. Biochim
Biophys Acta 397:188–193
35. Kim C-H, Choi H-I, Lee D-S (1993) Pullulanases of alkaline and broad pH range from a newly
isolated alkalophilic Bacillus sp. S-1 and a Micrococcus sp. Y-1. J Ind Microbiol 12:48–57
36. Kim C-H, Choi H-I, Lee D-S (1993) Purification and biochemical properties of an alkaline
pullulanase from Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. S-l. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:1632–1637
37. Ara K, Igarashi K, Saeki K, Kawai S, Ito S (1992) Purification and some properties of an
alkaline pullulanase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-1876. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
56:62–65
38. Ara K, Saeki K, Igarashi K, Takaiwa M, Uemura T, Hagihara H, Kawai S, Ito S (1995)
Purification and characterization of an alkaline amylopullulanase with both alpha-1,4 and
alpha-1,6 hydrolytic activity from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-1378. Biochim Biophys Acta
1243:315–324
39. Igarashi K, Ara K, Saeki K, Ozaki K, Kawai S, Ito S (1992) Nucleotide sequence of the gene
that encodes a neopullulanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
56:514–516
40. Ara K, Saeki K, Ito S (1993) Purification and characterization of an alkaline isoamylase from
an alkalophilic strain of Bacillus. J Gen Microbiol 139:781–786
41. Bessler C, Schmitt J, Maurer K-H, Schmid RD (2003) Directed evolution of a bacterial
α-amylase: toward enhanced pH-performance and higher specific activity. Protein Sci
12:2141–2149
42. Nakano M, Chaen H, Sugimoto T, Miyake T (2001) Maltohexaose and maltoheptaoseforming amylase, and its preparation and uses. Patent no. US6242224B1
43. Hashim SO, Delgado OD, Martínez MA, Kaul R-H, Mulaa FJ, Mattiasson B (2005) Alkaline
active maltohexaose-forming α-amylase from Bacillus halodurans LBK 34. Enzyme Microb
Technol 36:139–146
240
S. O. Hashim
(2001) Novel α-amylase that is highly resistant to chelating reagents and chemical oxidants
from the alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate KSM-K38. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:1744–1750
26. Dahiya P, Rathi P (2015) Characterization and application of alkaline α-amylase from Bacillus
licheniformis MTCC1483 as a detergent additive. Int Food Res J 22:1293–1297
27. Arikan B (2008) Highly thermostable, thermophilic, alkaline, SDS and chelator resistant
amylase from a thermophilic Bacillus sp. isolate A3-15. Bioresour Technol 99:3071–3076
28. Saxena RK, Dutt K, Agarwal L, Nayyar P (2007) A highly thermostable and alkaline amylase
from a Bacillus sp. PN5. Bioresour Technol 98:260–265
29. Burhan A, Coral G, Colak O, Aygan A, Gulnaz O (2003) Enzymatic properties of a novel
thermostable, thermophilic, alkaline and chelator resistant amylase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Isolate ANT-6. Process Biochem 38:1397–1403
30. Lo H-F, Lin L-L, Chen H-L, Hsu W-H, Chang C-T (2001) Enzymic properties of a
SDS-resistant Bacillus sp. TS-23 α-amylase produced by recombinant Escherichia coli.
Process Biochem 36:743–750
31. Igarashi K, Hatada Y, Hagihara H, Saeki K, Takaiwa M, Uemura T, Ara K, Ozaki K, Kawai S,
Kobayashi T, Ito S (1998) Enzymatic properties of a novel liquefying α-amylase from
an alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate and entire nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Appl Environ
Microbiol 64:3282–3289
32. Bernhardsdotter ECMJ, Ng JD, Garriott OK, Pusey ML (2005) Enzymic properties of an
alkaline chelator-resistant α-amylase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. isolate L1711. Process
Biochem 40:2401–2408
33. Ito S, Kobayashi T, Ara K, Ozaki K, Kawai S, Hatada Y (1998) Alkaline detergent enzymes
from alkaliphiles: enzymatic properties, genetics, and structures. Extremophiles 2:185–190
34. Nakamura N, Watanabe K, Horikoshi K (1975) Purification and some properties of alkaline
pullulanase from a strain of Bacillus No. 202-1, an alkalophilic microorganism. Biochim
Biophys Acta 397:188–193
35. Kim C-H, Choi H-I, Lee D-S (1993) Pullulanases of alkaline and broad pH range from a newly
isolated alkalophilic Bacillus sp. S-1 and a Micrococcus sp. Y-1. J Ind Microbiol 12:48–57
36. Kim C-H, Choi H-I, Lee D-S (1993) Purification and biochemical properties of an alkaline
pullulanase from Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. S-l. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57:1632–1637
37. Ara K, Igarashi K, Saeki K, Kawai S, Ito S (1992) Purification and some properties of an
alkaline pullulanase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-1876. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
56:62–65
38. Ara K, Saeki K, Igarashi K, Takaiwa M, Uemura T, Hagihara H, Kawai S, Ito S (1995)
Purification and characterization of an alkaline amylopullulanase with both alpha-1,4 and
alpha-1,6 hydrolytic activity from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-1378. Biochim Biophys Acta
1243:315–324
39. Igarashi K, Ara K, Saeki K, Ozaki K, Kawai S, Ito S (1992) Nucleotide sequence of the gene
that encodes a neopullulanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
56:514–516
40. Ara K, Saeki K, Ito S (1993) Purification and characterization of an alkaline isoamylase from
an alkalophilic strain of Bacillus. J Gen Microbiol 139:781–786
41. Bessler C, Schmitt J, Maurer K-H, Schmid RD (2003) Directed evolution of a bacterial
α-amylase: toward enhanced pH-performance and higher specific activity. Protein Sci
12:2141–2149
42. Nakano M, Chaen H, Sugimoto T, Miyake T (2001) Maltohexaose and maltoheptaoseforming amylase, and its preparation and uses. Patent no. US6242224B1
43. Hashim SO, Delgado OD, Martínez MA, Kaul R-H, Mulaa FJ, Mattiasson B (2005) Alkaline
active maltohexaose-forming α-amylase from Bacillus halodurans LBK 34. Enzyme Microb
Technol 36:139–146
240
S. O. Hashim