4. Rydin S, Frendrup W (1993) Possibilities for a reduction of the pollution load from tanneries.
Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen
5. Black M, Canova M, Rydin S, Scalet BM, Roudier S, Sancho LD (2013) Best available
techniques (BAT) reference document for the tanning of hides and skins. European Commission Database, p 46. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/TAN_Published_def.pdf
6. Islam BI, Musa AE, Ibrahim EH, Sharafa SAA, Elfaki BM (2014) Evaluation and characterization of tannery wastewater. J For Prod Ind 3:141–150
7. Fang Z, Yong Y-C, Zhang J, Du G, Chen J (2017) Keratinolytic protease: a green biocatalyst for
leather industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(21):7771–7779
8. Thanikaivelan P, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing. Trends Biotechnol 22(4):181–188
9. Saravanabhavan S, Thanikaivelan P, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Natural leathers
from natural materials: progressing toward a new arena in leather processing. Environ Sci
Technol 38(3):871–879
10. Hashem A, Arefin S, Jor A (2015) Gaseous air pollutants and its environmental effect-emitted
from the tanning industry at Hazaribagh, Bangladesh. Am J Eng Res 4:138–144
11. Aravindhan R, Madhan B, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Bioaccumulation of chromium from tannery wastewater: an approach for chrome recovery and reuse. Environ Sci
Technol 38(1):300–306
12. Ozgunay H, Colak S, Mutlu MM, Akyuz F (2007) Characterization of leather industry wastes.
Pol J Environ 16(6):867–873
13. Rao MB, Tanksale AM, Ghatge MS, Deshpande VV (1998) Molecular and biotechnological
aspects of microbial proteases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(3):597–635
14. Aqel H (2012) Phenotypic and protease purification of two different thermophilic Bacillus
strains HUTBS71 and HUTBS62. Ann Biol Res 3(4):1747–1756
15. Wanyonyi WC, Onyari JM, Shiundu PM, Mulaa FJ (2016) New eco-friendly and clean method
of processing hides and fish skins into leather using alkaline protease enzyme. Patent. (KE/P/
2015/2231)
16. Dayanandan A, Kanagaraj J, Sounderraj L, Govindaraju R, Rajkumar GS (2003) Application of
an alkaline protease in leather processing: an ecofriendly approach. J Clean Prod 11(5):533–536
17. Han W, He M (2010) Short-term effects of exogenous protease application on soil fertility with
rice straw incorporation. Eur J Soil Biol 46(2):144–150
18. Valdez-Peña AU, Espinoza-Perez JD, Sandoval-Fabian GC, Balagurusamy N, HernandezRivera A, De-la-Garza-Rodriguez IM, Contreras-Esquivel JC (2010) Screening of industrial
enzymes for deproteinization of shrimp head for chitin recovery. Food Sci Biotechnol 19
(2):553–557
19. Paul T, Das A, Mandal A, Halder SK, Jana A, Maity C, Das Mohapatra PK, Pati BR, Mondal
KC (2014) An efficient cloth cleaning properties of a crude keratinase combined with detergent:
towards industrial viewpoint. J Clean Prod 66:672–684
20. Gabres CA, Undan JR, Jhane M, Valentino G (2016) Proteolytic enzyme like activity of fungal
endophytes and their effects in the proximate composition of dried bamboo leaves. Int J Biol
Pharm Allied Sci 5(6):1298–1306
21. Suseela L, Anjali CH, Muralidhar P (2017) Enhanced production of alkaline protease by
Aspergillus niger DEF 1 isolated from dairy form effluent and determination of its fibrinolytic
ability. Afr J Microbiol Res 11(11):440–449
22. de Souza PM, Bittencourt ML, Caprara CC, de Freitas M, de Almeida RPC, Silveira D, Fonseca
YM, Ferreira Filho EX, Pessoa Junior A, Magalhães PO (2015) A biotechnology perspective of
fungal proteases. Braz J Microbiol 46(2):337–346
23. Gupta R, Beg Q, Lorenz P (2002) Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and
industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59(1):15–32
218
W. C. Wanyonyi and F. J. Mulaa
Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen
5. Black M, Canova M, Rydin S, Scalet BM, Roudier S, Sancho LD (2013) Best available
techniques (BAT) reference document for the tanning of hides and skins. European Commission Database, p 46. http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/TAN_Published_def.pdf
6. Islam BI, Musa AE, Ibrahim EH, Sharafa SAA, Elfaki BM (2014) Evaluation and characterization of tannery wastewater. J For Prod Ind 3:141–150
7. Fang Z, Yong Y-C, Zhang J, Du G, Chen J (2017) Keratinolytic protease: a green biocatalyst for
leather industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(21):7771–7779
8. Thanikaivelan P, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Progress and recent trends in biotechnological methods for leather processing. Trends Biotechnol 22(4):181–188
9. Saravanabhavan S, Thanikaivelan P, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Natural leathers
from natural materials: progressing toward a new arena in leather processing. Environ Sci
Technol 38(3):871–879
10. Hashem A, Arefin S, Jor A (2015) Gaseous air pollutants and its environmental effect-emitted
from the tanning industry at Hazaribagh, Bangladesh. Am J Eng Res 4:138–144
11. Aravindhan R, Madhan B, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T (2004) Bioaccumulation of chromium from tannery wastewater: an approach for chrome recovery and reuse. Environ Sci
Technol 38(1):300–306
12. Ozgunay H, Colak S, Mutlu MM, Akyuz F (2007) Characterization of leather industry wastes.
Pol J Environ 16(6):867–873
13. Rao MB, Tanksale AM, Ghatge MS, Deshpande VV (1998) Molecular and biotechnological
aspects of microbial proteases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(3):597–635
14. Aqel H (2012) Phenotypic and protease purification of two different thermophilic Bacillus
strains HUTBS71 and HUTBS62. Ann Biol Res 3(4):1747–1756
15. Wanyonyi WC, Onyari JM, Shiundu PM, Mulaa FJ (2016) New eco-friendly and clean method
of processing hides and fish skins into leather using alkaline protease enzyme. Patent. (KE/P/
2015/2231)
16. Dayanandan A, Kanagaraj J, Sounderraj L, Govindaraju R, Rajkumar GS (2003) Application of
an alkaline protease in leather processing: an ecofriendly approach. J Clean Prod 11(5):533–536
17. Han W, He M (2010) Short-term effects of exogenous protease application on soil fertility with
rice straw incorporation. Eur J Soil Biol 46(2):144–150
18. Valdez-Peña AU, Espinoza-Perez JD, Sandoval-Fabian GC, Balagurusamy N, HernandezRivera A, De-la-Garza-Rodriguez IM, Contreras-Esquivel JC (2010) Screening of industrial
enzymes for deproteinization of shrimp head for chitin recovery. Food Sci Biotechnol 19
(2):553–557
19. Paul T, Das A, Mandal A, Halder SK, Jana A, Maity C, Das Mohapatra PK, Pati BR, Mondal
KC (2014) An efficient cloth cleaning properties of a crude keratinase combined with detergent:
towards industrial viewpoint. J Clean Prod 66:672–684
20. Gabres CA, Undan JR, Jhane M, Valentino G (2016) Proteolytic enzyme like activity of fungal
endophytes and their effects in the proximate composition of dried bamboo leaves. Int J Biol
Pharm Allied Sci 5(6):1298–1306
21. Suseela L, Anjali CH, Muralidhar P (2017) Enhanced production of alkaline protease by
Aspergillus niger DEF 1 isolated from dairy form effluent and determination of its fibrinolytic
ability. Afr J Microbiol Res 11(11):440–449
22. de Souza PM, Bittencourt ML, Caprara CC, de Freitas M, de Almeida RPC, Silveira D, Fonseca
YM, Ferreira Filho EX, Pessoa Junior A, Magalhães PO (2015) A biotechnology perspective of
fungal proteases. Braz J Microbiol 46(2):337–346
23. Gupta R, Beg Q, Lorenz P (2002) Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and
industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59(1):15–32
218
W. C. Wanyonyi and F. J. Mulaa