is a step to this direction, as is the EU’s ODR regulation. Also, ICANN’s function as
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority could be construed to include elements of statebased jurisdiction, as its jurisdiction is based on agreements with the US Department of
Commerce and Internet Engineering Task Force. Still, ICANN’s position as a private
corporation responsible for public function can and has been criticised. See e.g. RW
Rijgersberg The State of Interdependence: Globalization, Internet and Constitutional
Governance (TMC Asser Press 2010) 69-NaN, 215.
48 According to Weber, ‘[a] compulsory political organization with continuous operations will be called a State insofar as its administrative staff successfully upholds the
claims to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its
orders . . .’ See Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology.
Volume 2 (Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich eds, University of California Press 1978)
54. Rijgersberg uses Weber’s definition of a modern state as a theoretical framework in
his examination of the changing nature of constitutional governance in the era of
globalisation. See, Rijgersberg (n 47) 16–17.
49 For example, a legislative proposal for establishing informal settlement courts in Finland
was drafted at the request of the Russian Tsar. Although no such courts were ultimately
introduced, the operational principles behind the proposal greatly resembled the ideals of
ADR. See Kevät Nousiainen, Prosessin herruus: länsimaisen oikeudenkäytön ‘modernille’
ominaisten piirteiden tarkastelua ja alueellista vertailua (Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys
1993) 438–439.
50 UNCITRAL, ‘Status Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958)’ http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_
texts/arbitration/NYConvention_status.html (accessed 25 June 2018).
51 Unofficial translation of Ministry of Justice, available at https://www.finlex.fi/en/
laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf/ (accessed 25 June 2018).
52 This idea of deriving legitimacy from the process of legislation is the same
advocated by the famous Austrian legal positivist Hans Kelsen. Kelsen’s positivist
theory of law leads to the problem of Grundnorm, the fictional basic norm that
predates all other constitutions, a problem that is in juxtaposition with the
positivist approach. On Kelsen’s opinion on sovereignty see, Mutanen (n 11) 45;
Tuori (n 36) 18–21.
53 On Consumer Disputes Board see Klaus Viitanen, Lautakuntamenettely kuluttajariitojen
ratkaisukeinona. (Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys 2003) 185–.
54 For example, mediation of child cases has been introduced and advocated by the
courts in Finland. See Sanna Koulu, Lapsen huolto- ja tapaamissopimukset: oikeuden
rakenteet ja sopivat perheet (Lakimiesliiton kustannus 2014) 171–.
55 See e.g. Recital (12) of the Brussels I Regulation (1215/2012) according to which the
New York Convention takes precedence over the Regulation.
56 See e.g. Fali S Nariman, ‘The Convention’s Contribution to the Globalization of
International Commercial Arbitration’, Enforcing Arbitration Awards under the New
York Convention (United Nations 1999) available at https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/
english/texts/arbitration/NY-conv/NYCDay-e.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).
57 ibid 13.
58 ‘Report of Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution) on the Work of Its
Twenty-Second Session (Vienna, 13–17 December 2010)’ A.CN.9/716 § 30.
59 ‘Report of Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution) on the Work of Its
Twenty-Seventh Session (New York, 20–24 May 2013)’ (UNCITRAL, Working
Group III 2013) A/CN.9/769 § 15.
60 ibid § 33–35.
61 ‘Report of Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution) on the Work of Its ThirtySecond Session (Vienna, 30 November–4 December 2015)’ (UNCITRAL, Working
Group III 2015) A/CN.9/862 § 5.
Sovereignty and state agenda 139
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority could be construed to include elements of statebased jurisdiction, as its jurisdiction is based on agreements with the US Department of
Commerce and Internet Engineering Task Force. Still, ICANN’s position as a private
corporation responsible for public function can and has been criticised. See e.g. RW
Rijgersberg The State of Interdependence: Globalization, Internet and Constitutional
Governance (TMC Asser Press 2010) 69-NaN, 215.
48 According to Weber, ‘[a] compulsory political organization with continuous operations will be called a State insofar as its administrative staff successfully upholds the
claims to the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in the enforcement of its
orders . . .’ See Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology.
Volume 2 (Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich eds, University of California Press 1978)
54. Rijgersberg uses Weber’s definition of a modern state as a theoretical framework in
his examination of the changing nature of constitutional governance in the era of
globalisation. See, Rijgersberg (n 47) 16–17.
49 For example, a legislative proposal for establishing informal settlement courts in Finland
was drafted at the request of the Russian Tsar. Although no such courts were ultimately
introduced, the operational principles behind the proposal greatly resembled the ideals of
ADR. See Kevät Nousiainen, Prosessin herruus: länsimaisen oikeudenkäytön ‘modernille’
ominaisten piirteiden tarkastelua ja alueellista vertailua (Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys
1993) 438–439.
50 UNCITRAL, ‘Status Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958)’ http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_
texts/arbitration/NYConvention_status.html (accessed 25 June 2018).
51 Unofficial translation of Ministry of Justice, available at https://www.finlex.fi/en/
laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf/ (accessed 25 June 2018).
52 This idea of deriving legitimacy from the process of legislation is the same
advocated by the famous Austrian legal positivist Hans Kelsen. Kelsen’s positivist
theory of law leads to the problem of Grundnorm, the fictional basic norm that
predates all other constitutions, a problem that is in juxtaposition with the
positivist approach. On Kelsen’s opinion on sovereignty see, Mutanen (n 11) 45;
Tuori (n 36) 18–21.
53 On Consumer Disputes Board see Klaus Viitanen, Lautakuntamenettely kuluttajariitojen
ratkaisukeinona. (Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys 2003) 185–.
54 For example, mediation of child cases has been introduced and advocated by the
courts in Finland. See Sanna Koulu, Lapsen huolto- ja tapaamissopimukset: oikeuden
rakenteet ja sopivat perheet (Lakimiesliiton kustannus 2014) 171–.
55 See e.g. Recital (12) of the Brussels I Regulation (1215/2012) according to which the
New York Convention takes precedence over the Regulation.
56 See e.g. Fali S Nariman, ‘The Convention’s Contribution to the Globalization of
International Commercial Arbitration’, Enforcing Arbitration Awards under the New
York Convention (United Nations 1999) available at https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/
english/texts/arbitration/NY-conv/NYCDay-e.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).
57 ibid 13.
58 ‘Report of Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution) on the Work of Its
Twenty-Second Session (Vienna, 13–17 December 2010)’ A.CN.9/716 § 30.
59 ‘Report of Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution) on the Work of Its
Twenty-Seventh Session (New York, 20–24 May 2013)’ (UNCITRAL, Working
Group III 2013) A/CN.9/769 § 15.
60 ibid § 33–35.
61 ‘Report of Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution) on the Work of Its ThirtySecond Session (Vienna, 30 November–4 December 2015)’ (UNCITRAL, Working
Group III 2015) A/CN.9/862 § 5.
Sovereignty and state agenda 139