The smoke points of the blends are determined in the same way as the test
procedure given below. From the calibrating readings, the correction factor f is
determined from the equation
f ¼
A s =A d
ð
Þþ B s =B d
ð
Þ
2
where
A s = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel blend
A d = the actual smoke point determined for the first fuel blend
B s = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel blend
B d = the actual smoke point determined for the second fuel blend
The test procedure is as follows:
Figures 8 and 9 are shown below for detailed reference.
1.0 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick about 125 mm in length in the test
sample, and place it in the wick tube of the candle. Carefully ease out any twists
arising from this operation.
2.0 Introduce about 20 ml of the test sample into the clean dry candle; place the wick
tube into the candle and screw and secure. Then, insert the candle into the lamp.
3.0 Light the candle and adjust the wick so that the flame is approximately 10 mm
high. Allow the lamp to burn for 5 min. Raise the candle until a smoky tail appears,
and then lower the candle slowly until the following stages occur:
• First stage: An elongated pointed tip as shown in Flame A in Fig. 10.
• Second stage: The pointed tip just disappears, leaving a slightly blunted
flame shown as Flame B in Fig. 10.
• Third stage: A well-rounded flame tip as shown in Flame C in Fig. 10.
The correct flame profile is Flame B. Determine the height of this flame
and record to the nearest 5 mm.
4.0 Make three separate observations using the same flame sequence as given in
item 3.0 above. If these values vary by more than 1.0 mm, repeat the test with a
fresh sample.
5.0 The smoke point is calculated to the nearest 1.0 mm using the following equation
Table 16 Reference fuel blends
Standard smoke point at 101.3 kPa, mm Toluene % (v/v) 2,2,4-Trimethyl pentane % (v/v)
14.7
40
60
20.2
25
75
22.7
20
80
25.8
15
85
30.2
10
90
35.4
5
95
42.8
0
100
Quality Control of Products in Petroleum Refining
673
procedure given below. From the calibrating readings, the correction factor f is
determined from the equation
f ¼
A s =A d
ð
Þþ B s =B d
ð
Þ
2
where
A s = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel blend
A d = the actual smoke point determined for the first fuel blend
B s = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel blend
B d = the actual smoke point determined for the second fuel blend
The test procedure is as follows:
Figures 8 and 9 are shown below for detailed reference.
1.0 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick about 125 mm in length in the test
sample, and place it in the wick tube of the candle. Carefully ease out any twists
arising from this operation.
2.0 Introduce about 20 ml of the test sample into the clean dry candle; place the wick
tube into the candle and screw and secure. Then, insert the candle into the lamp.
3.0 Light the candle and adjust the wick so that the flame is approximately 10 mm
high. Allow the lamp to burn for 5 min. Raise the candle until a smoky tail appears,
and then lower the candle slowly until the following stages occur:
• First stage: An elongated pointed tip as shown in Flame A in Fig. 10.
• Second stage: The pointed tip just disappears, leaving a slightly blunted
flame shown as Flame B in Fig. 10.
• Third stage: A well-rounded flame tip as shown in Flame C in Fig. 10.
The correct flame profile is Flame B. Determine the height of this flame
and record to the nearest 5 mm.
4.0 Make three separate observations using the same flame sequence as given in
item 3.0 above. If these values vary by more than 1.0 mm, repeat the test with a
fresh sample.
5.0 The smoke point is calculated to the nearest 1.0 mm using the following equation
Table 16 Reference fuel blends
Standard smoke point at 101.3 kPa, mm Toluene % (v/v) 2,2,4-Trimethyl pentane % (v/v)
14.7
40
60
20.2
25
75
22.7
20
80
25.8
15
85
30.2
10
90
35.4
5
95
42.8
0
100
Quality Control of Products in Petroleum Refining
673