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Engineering Systems Integration
contrast to economic integration which includes various levels of cooperation
(not seen with interactions), a wide range of benefits (not seen with interactions), a confluence of political and economic power (not seen with interactions), and a mechanistic change from that seen with interactions to as a
removal of constraints with integrated structures. Interaction is broadly
different than integration (Nieminen 2005).
energy
Fundamentally, there appears to be only a few items that can be transferred
between objects. EMMI are the primary items that appear to go from one
object to another. Energy is transferable in many forms, including chemical,
kinetic, and heat. The means of transfer can be related to the amount of force
applied within the “sending” object. One model of this transfer relates to
increasing the force applied to overcome the internal resistance of a mechanism that controls “sending” energy. When the resistance to the force by the
mechanism is overcome, energy is expelled or “sent” from the object. Consider
the case when the force is applied in an ever-increasing incremental fashion
(such as if multiple send and receive interactions take place between two
objects). Consider that in this case, the internal resistance of the mechanism is
greater than some of the transferred energy. Each one of the instances of
applied force is insufficient to stimulate the mechanism of the receiving
object. Force is being applied, but the mechanism of the receiving object is not
prompted to work. That mechanism could be the simple feat of detecting any
energy that impinges on the receiving object. Energy is transferred but not
detected by the receiving object. Force exists, but is below the threshold of
“detection” by the receiving object and no energy is either gained or lost by
the receiving object. No mechanism in the receiving object is enacted.
An object’s resistance to change in location by an external force is related
to the amount of mass of the object, the degree of coupling and cohesion*
(Purao and Vaishnavi 2003; Darcy et al. 2005) of its bounded matter, and the
impediments that restrict its movement. In the case of physical interaction,
physical force is related to the rate of change of momentum of the object. We
are concerned with the energy and force associated with the movement of an
object, but not from the potential energy that might exist or from a force that
may be applied (but is below the threshold of moving an object). From the
perspective of interactions, if there is no movement, then there is no energy
loss. Applying Newtonian physics, consider two pieces of wood, one piece
resting on the other on the Earth’s surface. In the Earth–wood–wood domain,
each piece exerts a force on the Earth as well as a force on each other. The net
of forces keep the top block from sliding “down” the bottom block due to the
* Drawing from the literature in software, coupling is the degree that one element influences
another element “binding,” and cohesion is the degree of relatedness between the cause and
effect(s) observed.
Engineering Systems Integration
contrast to economic integration which includes various levels of cooperation
(not seen with interactions), a wide range of benefits (not seen with interactions), a confluence of political and economic power (not seen with interactions), and a mechanistic change from that seen with interactions to as a
removal of constraints with integrated structures. Interaction is broadly
different than integration (Nieminen 2005).
energy
Fundamentally, there appears to be only a few items that can be transferred
between objects. EMMI are the primary items that appear to go from one
object to another. Energy is transferable in many forms, including chemical,
kinetic, and heat. The means of transfer can be related to the amount of force
applied within the “sending” object. One model of this transfer relates to
increasing the force applied to overcome the internal resistance of a mechanism that controls “sending” energy. When the resistance to the force by the
mechanism is overcome, energy is expelled or “sent” from the object. Consider
the case when the force is applied in an ever-increasing incremental fashion
(such as if multiple send and receive interactions take place between two
objects). Consider that in this case, the internal resistance of the mechanism is
greater than some of the transferred energy. Each one of the instances of
applied force is insufficient to stimulate the mechanism of the receiving
object. Force is being applied, but the mechanism of the receiving object is not
prompted to work. That mechanism could be the simple feat of detecting any
energy that impinges on the receiving object. Energy is transferred but not
detected by the receiving object. Force exists, but is below the threshold of
“detection” by the receiving object and no energy is either gained or lost by
the receiving object. No mechanism in the receiving object is enacted.
An object’s resistance to change in location by an external force is related
to the amount of mass of the object, the degree of coupling and cohesion*
(Purao and Vaishnavi 2003; Darcy et al. 2005) of its bounded matter, and the
impediments that restrict its movement. In the case of physical interaction,
physical force is related to the rate of change of momentum of the object. We
are concerned with the energy and force associated with the movement of an
object, but not from the potential energy that might exist or from a force that
may be applied (but is below the threshold of moving an object). From the
perspective of interactions, if there is no movement, then there is no energy
loss. Applying Newtonian physics, consider two pieces of wood, one piece
resting on the other on the Earth’s surface. In the Earth–wood–wood domain,
each piece exerts a force on the Earth as well as a force on each other. The net
of forces keep the top block from sliding “down” the bottom block due to the
* Drawing from the literature in software, coupling is the degree that one element influences
another element “binding,” and cohesion is the degree of relatedness between the cause and
effect(s) observed.