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Engineering Systems Integration
out during the period of each stage. The transitions between stages are
planned points of stability. Major decision points typically follow milestones at the end of each stage. Milestones are designed to show stakeholders that the product is progressing through a stage and at an agreed juncture,
and the product is deemed ready to enter the next stage. Therefore, the majority of product uncertainties are determined by observation and analysis during the course of a stage, with only a small fraction identified at the entry or
exit point of a stage. In systems engineering parlance, the lifecycle stages are
captured by the systems engineering process models. Each stage of a process
model is bounded and delineated by processes that reduce the uncertainties
in a systematic, highly regimented environment. The principal risk of lifecycle success is that of not achieving the desired level, kind, and degree
of integration.
Lifecycle success results from managing a product’s lifecycle to achieve
the lowest lifecycle cost for the desired level of product utility at a risk that is
deemed acceptable to the stakeholders. Those put at risk or who are positioned to lose or gain over the lifecycle of a solution are called the stakeholders. The key stakeholders are those who are put at significant risk during any
one lifecycle stage. Stakeholder interests relate to one or more stages of the
product’s lifecycle. In the main, stakeholders fall into one or more of four
groupings—those representing the product, the customer or user, afflicted
parties or organizations, and the Earth’s biosphere and its purlieu. Building
successful products depends on satisfying this quadruplet of stakeholders.
Success is the attainment of a goal, if and only if, no stakeholder is burdened
with losses that are destabilizing or from which there is no recovery.
Lifecycle investigation—inquiry into the staging of activities, their recurrence, concurrency, and progression—involves lifecycle assessment and lifecycle analysis. Lifecycle assessment develops knowledge of the consequences
arising from each stage, whereas lifecycle analysis examines the activities
and their relations in comprising the stage. Lifecycle investigation is a framework for two critical economic analysis tools—management of product
worth and of product risk.
The activities in each stage of the product’s lifecycle and the manner in
which they are performed can add to the product’s worth by lessening or
eliminating risks. While there is an abundance of risks, lifecycle investigation is focused principally on one risk that is omnipresent and persistent.
That is the fundamental risk of integration. In the broadest sense, integration
is the combining of objects, whether two thoughts form an idea or take
action, two people form a team, two units perform a test, two subsystems
build a system, or two systems complete a system of systems.
Lifecycle Measures
A measure is a basis for comparison derived from a single, repeatable process
of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule. Lifecycle measures
Engineering Systems Integration
out during the period of each stage. The transitions between stages are
planned points of stability. Major decision points typically follow milestones at the end of each stage. Milestones are designed to show stakeholders that the product is progressing through a stage and at an agreed juncture,
and the product is deemed ready to enter the next stage. Therefore, the majority of product uncertainties are determined by observation and analysis during the course of a stage, with only a small fraction identified at the entry or
exit point of a stage. In systems engineering parlance, the lifecycle stages are
captured by the systems engineering process models. Each stage of a process
model is bounded and delineated by processes that reduce the uncertainties
in a systematic, highly regimented environment. The principal risk of lifecycle success is that of not achieving the desired level, kind, and degree
of integration.
Lifecycle success results from managing a product’s lifecycle to achieve
the lowest lifecycle cost for the desired level of product utility at a risk that is
deemed acceptable to the stakeholders. Those put at risk or who are positioned to lose or gain over the lifecycle of a solution are called the stakeholders. The key stakeholders are those who are put at significant risk during any
one lifecycle stage. Stakeholder interests relate to one or more stages of the
product’s lifecycle. In the main, stakeholders fall into one or more of four
groupings—those representing the product, the customer or user, afflicted
parties or organizations, and the Earth’s biosphere and its purlieu. Building
successful products depends on satisfying this quadruplet of stakeholders.
Success is the attainment of a goal, if and only if, no stakeholder is burdened
with losses that are destabilizing or from which there is no recovery.
Lifecycle investigation—inquiry into the staging of activities, their recurrence, concurrency, and progression—involves lifecycle assessment and lifecycle analysis. Lifecycle assessment develops knowledge of the consequences
arising from each stage, whereas lifecycle analysis examines the activities
and their relations in comprising the stage. Lifecycle investigation is a framework for two critical economic analysis tools—management of product
worth and of product risk.
The activities in each stage of the product’s lifecycle and the manner in
which they are performed can add to the product’s worth by lessening or
eliminating risks. While there is an abundance of risks, lifecycle investigation is focused principally on one risk that is omnipresent and persistent.
That is the fundamental risk of integration. In the broadest sense, integration
is the combining of objects, whether two thoughts form an idea or take
action, two people form a team, two units perform a test, two subsystems
build a system, or two systems complete a system of systems.
Lifecycle Measures
A measure is a basis for comparison derived from a single, repeatable process
of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule. Lifecycle measures