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Integration in Systems Engineering Context
• Operations: The seventh stage spans integration into existing operations for use, maintenance, support, training, upgrading, modifying, documenting, and reporting. Acceptance by more than one
buyer and the user is another benchmark of risk reduction. Having
multiple and different customers buying shows that the product or
service is satisfactory (by its first impressions) given some variability
of conditions and circumstances. Use is the putting of the product
into service for a particular purpose. Most products or services serve
two purposes: to render its inherent or natural purpose and to assist
the user in making or carrying out decisions (if different from its
purpose). Use involves integration of the new product or service into
the existing organizational procedures, culture, social, and behavioral environments.
• Disposal: The eighth stage addresses the final disposal of the product
or winding down of service and all related issues.
Each stage of the lifecycle is highly organized with checks and balances to
reduce the risk of finding problems in subsequent stages. One of the checks
is to verify that the activities and results of the work are in fact fully responsive to the requirements and needs of the stakeholders. Through the early
stages of work, verification is most often comparison of ideas and prototypes
with written documents that either explain or describe the customer and
user’s intentions and requirements. Other checks include the processes of
systems engineering that stipulate the starting points for the stages along
with the criteria for leaving that stage and progressing to the next stage.
Often, rework is required on previous work, but the impetus is to move on to
the next stage as each stage reveals more data and information about the
product and service. For example, at disposal, one should expect to have
learned much of the product’s or service’s properties and traits, some of
which are converted into knowledge.
All previous stages contribute to reducing the risks of disposal, with particular emphasis on amount of money and planning that is incorporated into
the design and use.
Conceptualization reduces the risk of financing; financing reduces the risk
of preliminary design; preliminary design reduces the risk of detailed design
and development; detailed design and development reduces the risk of manufacturing or construction; integration reduces the risk of not delivering what
is expected, which in turn reduces the risk of purchasing; and which reduces
the risk of use and the risks associated with disposal. The risks of disposal
may include lawsuits due to harm or safety concerns (e.g., radiation effects
and inhalation of asbestos), and unintended consequences that arise due to
social behaviors (violence associated with certain types of entertainment).
The lifecycle stages can be thought of designed to reduce risk of later
stages. The greatest uncertainties that threaten lifecycle success (i.e., bring
about risk) are discovered and dealt with by the activities that are carried
Integration in Systems Engineering Context
• Operations: The seventh stage spans integration into existing operations for use, maintenance, support, training, upgrading, modifying, documenting, and reporting. Acceptance by more than one
buyer and the user is another benchmark of risk reduction. Having
multiple and different customers buying shows that the product or
service is satisfactory (by its first impressions) given some variability
of conditions and circumstances. Use is the putting of the product
into service for a particular purpose. Most products or services serve
two purposes: to render its inherent or natural purpose and to assist
the user in making or carrying out decisions (if different from its
purpose). Use involves integration of the new product or service into
the existing organizational procedures, culture, social, and behavioral environments.
• Disposal: The eighth stage addresses the final disposal of the product
or winding down of service and all related issues.
Each stage of the lifecycle is highly organized with checks and balances to
reduce the risk of finding problems in subsequent stages. One of the checks
is to verify that the activities and results of the work are in fact fully responsive to the requirements and needs of the stakeholders. Through the early
stages of work, verification is most often comparison of ideas and prototypes
with written documents that either explain or describe the customer and
user’s intentions and requirements. Other checks include the processes of
systems engineering that stipulate the starting points for the stages along
with the criteria for leaving that stage and progressing to the next stage.
Often, rework is required on previous work, but the impetus is to move on to
the next stage as each stage reveals more data and information about the
product and service. For example, at disposal, one should expect to have
learned much of the product’s or service’s properties and traits, some of
which are converted into knowledge.
All previous stages contribute to reducing the risks of disposal, with particular emphasis on amount of money and planning that is incorporated into
the design and use.
Conceptualization reduces the risk of financing; financing reduces the risk
of preliminary design; preliminary design reduces the risk of detailed design
and development; detailed design and development reduces the risk of manufacturing or construction; integration reduces the risk of not delivering what
is expected, which in turn reduces the risk of purchasing; and which reduces
the risk of use and the risks associated with disposal. The risks of disposal
may include lawsuits due to harm or safety concerns (e.g., radiation effects
and inhalation of asbestos), and unintended consequences that arise due to
social behaviors (violence associated with certain types of entertainment).
The lifecycle stages can be thought of designed to reduce risk of later
stages. The greatest uncertainties that threaten lifecycle success (i.e., bring
about risk) are discovered and dealt with by the activities that are carried