Systems
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insufficient density of objects of the kind and location needed to sustain
interactions; inadequate EMMI needed for sustainment, including squelching
of the mechanism due to saturation, below threshold inputs, and insufficient
suffusion; and incompatibility of EMMI and mechanisms (Troncale 2011);
(2) isomorphicity—the similarity of mixes and kinds of objects observed in
systems (von Bertalanffy 1968); and (3) inadequate or inappropriate
emergence(s); and unsustainable losses of EMMI from any cause. Integration
is the process of setting up or by chance satisfying the conditions that lead to
an integrated set of objects (i.e., system).
The integration framework is shown in Figure 2.8. The framework shown
is an expanded 3 × 3 matrix. The relations between the subjective domain
and the objective domain are spelled out as the items in each frame
intersect. Objects are designated as products and services; processes are
designated as abstractions (cognitions), mechanisms (procedures), and
models (representations).
Objects achieve their usefulness from a systems perspective when connected and interacting. The object’s mechanisms and properties provide
capability when not connected, but no uses are possible without interaction
with another object.* Objects behave differently when connected compared
to when not connected.
Emergence
Consider a simple pendulum suspended from a wooden beam above the
floor, which leaves freedom of motion in circular motions and only restricted
in vertical motions by the height of the beam above. Let the pendulum swing
in the Earth’s gravitational field. The pendulum is comprised of a string
(typical of that used to fly kites—lightweight, pliable, highly susceptible to
transverse forces (gets pushed around a lot)), but quite strong in the longitudinal direction; tightening is braid when pulled; a mass, m, that is one hundred times more massive than the string to which it is secured by a tied
knot; a point of suspension, comprised of a loop of high-grade brass which
is screwed into the beam and securely tightened to the point that only
a mechanical steel tool is capable of loosening and removing the brass loop;
the beam is massively supported by a structure of walls and joists, all of
which have a mass in excess of one million times that of mass, m; the structure is securely embedded in a foundation that rests on terra firma.
* A person (object) picking up a hammer (object) is interacting with the hammer (from the
perspective of the person). Without the interaction between the two objects, no functions
exist, no use is attempted, no performance is accomplished, and no result is achieved.
193
insufficient density of objects of the kind and location needed to sustain
interactions; inadequate EMMI needed for sustainment, including squelching
of the mechanism due to saturation, below threshold inputs, and insufficient
suffusion; and incompatibility of EMMI and mechanisms (Troncale 2011);
(2) isomorphicity—the similarity of mixes and kinds of objects observed in
systems (von Bertalanffy 1968); and (3) inadequate or inappropriate
emergence(s); and unsustainable losses of EMMI from any cause. Integration
is the process of setting up or by chance satisfying the conditions that lead to
an integrated set of objects (i.e., system).
The integration framework is shown in Figure 2.8. The framework shown
is an expanded 3 × 3 matrix. The relations between the subjective domain
and the objective domain are spelled out as the items in each frame
intersect. Objects are designated as products and services; processes are
designated as abstractions (cognitions), mechanisms (procedures), and
models (representations).
Objects achieve their usefulness from a systems perspective when connected and interacting. The object’s mechanisms and properties provide
capability when not connected, but no uses are possible without interaction
with another object.* Objects behave differently when connected compared
to when not connected.
Emergence
Consider a simple pendulum suspended from a wooden beam above the
floor, which leaves freedom of motion in circular motions and only restricted
in vertical motions by the height of the beam above. Let the pendulum swing
in the Earth’s gravitational field. The pendulum is comprised of a string
(typical of that used to fly kites—lightweight, pliable, highly susceptible to
transverse forces (gets pushed around a lot)), but quite strong in the longitudinal direction; tightening is braid when pulled; a mass, m, that is one hundred times more massive than the string to which it is secured by a tied
knot; a point of suspension, comprised of a loop of high-grade brass which
is screwed into the beam and securely tightened to the point that only
a mechanical steel tool is capable of loosening and removing the brass loop;
the beam is massively supported by a structure of walls and joists, all of
which have a mass in excess of one million times that of mass, m; the structure is securely embedded in a foundation that rests on terra firma.
* A person (object) picking up a hammer (object) is interacting with the hammer (from the
perspective of the person). Without the interaction between the two objects, no functions
exist, no use is attempted, no performance is accomplished, and no result is achieved.