129
Foundations in Systems Integration
(Rockwell Software 2004). Further, behaviors are derived from objects and
processes, functions are provided by joining objects and facilitating use by
design, and users use objects to perform various types and kinds of work.
“In the behavioral approach to system theory a system is regarded as a
subset of a function space, the behavior, containing the input/state/outputtrajectories . . .” (Trumpf 2002). Behaviors that do not have empirical data are
subjective by this definition.
Sometimes, the term “objective measures of performance” or “performance
measures” is used (United States Department of Defense 2010) instead of
objective measures. For example, in predicting the objective measures of performance for road pavements, crack widths, crack depths, and joint displacements are considered (Garcia-Diaz and Riggins 1985). Performance measures
are observed and measured according to a reference scale or standard of
measurement. Every object has at least one objective measure (and most
often several), since there is something physical that is usually measurable
(in the classic engineering and physics sense). Measures of performance
might be the speed of an object or the amount of money an object costs.
Often there is a “target” value (quantity and unit, e.g., kilometers per hour)
in which performance is measured along with an acceptable variance about
that target value (quantity and unit, e.g., kilometers per hour). These objective measures are used in testing to determine how well the object performs
to a target value within the bounds of a specified variance that is deemed to
satisfy an objective for stability (or quality). For the objects that undergo
testing, a value and use can be ascribed, referenced to the perspective of a
user and their specific circumstances.
Value and use: Objects
Rather than contriving and discussing value in an economic sense based on
categorizing various things, it is useful to consider the categories of objects
first, and then determine their value. Knowing that integration deals with
object and processes is a key determinant of determining what is valuable
for integration. Integration is concerned with the value of an object that is at
its peak performance and how that differentiates from an object that has lost
functionality and has degraded performance. Then, thinking generally
about commodities, we acquire a sense as to why something is useful and
valuable.* To wit, a logical set of choices for characterizing products and services is in terms of use, value, and price. Use can be defined by a set of design
parameters that maximize a preference function (Antonsson 2001), value
can be described in a subjective and objective sense, neither of which fully
captures the broad conceptions of value (von Böhm-Bawerk 2005). In the
* Naturally, we consider useful and not valuable, valuable and not useful, and valuable and
useful. The preferential order of value and use indicates a priority according to the general
notions of the key stakeholders for a specific project, product, or service.
Foundations in Systems Integration
(Rockwell Software 2004). Further, behaviors are derived from objects and
processes, functions are provided by joining objects and facilitating use by
design, and users use objects to perform various types and kinds of work.
“In the behavioral approach to system theory a system is regarded as a
subset of a function space, the behavior, containing the input/state/outputtrajectories . . .” (Trumpf 2002). Behaviors that do not have empirical data are
subjective by this definition.
Sometimes, the term “objective measures of performance” or “performance
measures” is used (United States Department of Defense 2010) instead of
objective measures. For example, in predicting the objective measures of performance for road pavements, crack widths, crack depths, and joint displacements are considered (Garcia-Diaz and Riggins 1985). Performance measures
are observed and measured according to a reference scale or standard of
measurement. Every object has at least one objective measure (and most
often several), since there is something physical that is usually measurable
(in the classic engineering and physics sense). Measures of performance
might be the speed of an object or the amount of money an object costs.
Often there is a “target” value (quantity and unit, e.g., kilometers per hour)
in which performance is measured along with an acceptable variance about
that target value (quantity and unit, e.g., kilometers per hour). These objective measures are used in testing to determine how well the object performs
to a target value within the bounds of a specified variance that is deemed to
satisfy an objective for stability (or quality). For the objects that undergo
testing, a value and use can be ascribed, referenced to the perspective of a
user and their specific circumstances.
Value and use: Objects
Rather than contriving and discussing value in an economic sense based on
categorizing various things, it is useful to consider the categories of objects
first, and then determine their value. Knowing that integration deals with
object and processes is a key determinant of determining what is valuable
for integration. Integration is concerned with the value of an object that is at
its peak performance and how that differentiates from an object that has lost
functionality and has degraded performance. Then, thinking generally
about commodities, we acquire a sense as to why something is useful and
valuable.* To wit, a logical set of choices for characterizing products and services is in terms of use, value, and price. Use can be defined by a set of design
parameters that maximize a preference function (Antonsson 2001), value
can be described in a subjective and objective sense, neither of which fully
captures the broad conceptions of value (von Böhm-Bawerk 2005). In the
* Naturally, we consider useful and not valuable, valuable and not useful, and valuable and
useful. The preferential order of value and use indicates a priority according to the general
notions of the key stakeholders for a specific project, product, or service.