cases it is particularly important to integrate the
CSEM information with all other geophysical and
geological data available.
Acknowledgements We thank Rune Mittet for valuable
comments on the manuscript, and we thank Pemex, MCG and
EMGS for permission to use the data examples.
Further Reading
Alcocer, J.A.E., Garcı ´a, M.V., Soto, H.S., Baltar, D., Paramo,
V.R., Gabrielsen, P., et al. 2013. Reducing uncertainty by
integrating 3D CSEM in the Mexican deep-water exploration workflow. First Break 31(4), 75–79.
Bhuyian, A.H., Landrø, M. and Johansen, S.E. 2012. Threedimensional modeling and time-laps sensitivity for subsurface CO 2 storage. Geophysics 77(5).
Bhuyian, A.H., Thrane, B.P., Landrø, M. and Johansen, S.E.
2010. Controlled source electromagnetic three-dimensional
grid-modelling based on a complex resistivity structure of
the seafloor: effects of acquisition parameters and geometry
of multi-layered resistors. Geophysical Prospecting 58,
505–533.
Bhuiyan, A.H., Wicklund, T.W. and Johansen, S.E. 2006. Highresistivity anomalies at Modgunn Arch in the Norwegian
Sea. First Break 24, 39–44.
Buland, A., Løseth, L.O., Becht, A., Roudot, M. and Røsten, T.
2011. The value of CSEM data in exploration. First Break
29(4), 69–76.
Chave, A.D. and Cox, C.S. 1982. Controlled electromagnetic
sources for measuring electrical conductivity beneath the
oceans 1. Forward problem and model study. Journal of
Geophysical Research 87(B7), 5327–5338.
Constable, S. 2010. Ten years of marine CSEM for hydrocarbon
exploration. Geophysics 75(5), 75A67–75A81.
Constable, S. and Chester, J. 2006. Weiss Mapping thin resistors
and hydrocarbons with marine EM methods: Insights from
1D modeling. Geophysics 71, G43–G51.
Cox, C.S., Constable, S.C., Chave, A.D. and Webb, S.C. 1986.
Controlled source electromagnetic sounding of the oceanic
lithosphere. Nature 320, 52–54.
Eidesmo, T., Ellingsrud, S., MacGregor, L.M., Constable, S.,
Sinha, M.C., Johansen, S.E., et al. 2002. Sea Bed Logging
(SBL), a new method for remote and direct identification of
hydrocarbon filled layers in deepwater areas. First Break 20,
144–152.
Ellingsrud, S., Sinha, M.C., Constable, S., MacGregor, L.M.,
Eidesmo, T. and Johansen, S.E. 2002. Remote sensing of
hydrocarbon layers by Sea Bed Logging (SBL): Results
from a cruise offshore Angola. The Leading Edge 21,
972–982.
Fanavoll, S., Ellingsrud, S., Gabrielsen, P., Tharimela, R. and
Ridyard, D. 2012. Exploration with the use of EM data in the
Barents Sea: The potential and the challenges. First Break
30(4), 89–93.
Gabrielsen, P. and Fanavoll, S. 2012. Application of CSEM data
in exploration—A case study from the Nordland Ridge,
Norwegian Sea. SEG International Geophysical Conference
and Oil and Gas Exhibition, Istanbul. Extended abstract.
Gabrielsen, P.T., Brevik, I., Mittet, R. and Løseth, L.O. 2009.
Investigating the exploration potential for 3D CSEM using a
calibration survey over the Troll Field. First Break 27(6),
67–75.
Gabrielsen, P.T., Abrahamson, P., Panzner, M., Fanavoll, S. and
Ellingsrud, S. 2013. Exploring frontier areas using 2D seismic and 3D CSEM data, as exemplified by multi-client data
over the Skrugard and Havis discoveries in the Barents Sea.
First Break 31(1), 65–73.
Hesthammer, J., Fanavoll, S., Stefatos, A., Danielsen, J.E. and
Boulaenko, M. 2010. CSEM performance in the light of well
results. The Leading Edge 29, 34–41.
Johansen, S.E., Amundsen, H.E.F., Røsten, T., Ellingsrud, S.,
Eidesmo, T. and Bhuyian, A.H. 2005. Subsurface
hydrocarbons detected by electromagnetic sounding. First
Break 23, 31–36.
Johansen, S.E., Amundsen, H.E.F. and Wicklund, Tor A. 2007.
Interpretation of SeaBed Logging (SBL) data. Leading Edge,
January Volume.
Johansen, S.E., Brauti, K., Fanavoll, S., Amundsen, H.E.F.,
Wicklund, T.A., Danielsen, J., et al. 2008. How EM survey
analysis validates current technology, processing and interpretation methodology. First Break 26, 83–88.
Key, K.W. 2003. Application of broadband marine
magnetotelluric exploration to a 3D salt structure and a
fast-spreading ridge. Doctor of Philosophy thesis. University
of California, San Diego.
Kong, F.N., Westerdahl, H., Ellingsrud, S., Eidesmo, T. and
Johansen, S.E. 2002. Seabed logging: A possible direct
hydrocarbon indicator for deepsea prospects using EM
energy. Oil & Gas Journal, May 13.
Lu, X. and Xia, C. 2007. Understanding anisotropy in marine
CSEM data. 77th SEG Annual Meeting, San Antonio.
Løseth, L.O. 2007. Modelling of controlled source electromagnetic data. Doctor of Philosophy thesis. Department of Physics at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Mittet, R. and Gabrielsen, P.T. 2013. Decomposition in upgoing
and downgoing fields and inversion of marine CSEM data.
Geophysics 78, E1–E17.
Mittet, R. and Morten, J.P. 2012. Detection and imaging sensitivity of the marine CSEM method. Geophysics 77,
E411–E425.
Mittet, R. and Morten, J.P. 2013. The marine controlled-source
electromagnetic method in shallow water. Geophysics 78,
E67–E77.
Morten, J.P. and Bjørke, A.K. 2010 Fast-track marine CSEM
processing and 3D inversion. 72nd EAGE Conference &
Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2010, Barcelona.
Extended abstract C004.
Morten, J.P., Roth, F., Karlsen, S.A., Timko, D., Pacurar, C.,
Olsen, P.A., et al. 2012. Field appraisal and accurate
resource estimation from 3D quantitative interpretation of
seismic and CSEM data. The Leading Edge 31, 447–456.
Weiss, C. and Constable, S. 2006. Mapping thin resistors and
hydrocarbons with marine EM methods, Part II—Modeling
and analysis in 3D. Geophysics 71, G321–G332.
544
S.E. Johansen and P.T. Gabrielsen
CSEM information with all other geophysical and
geological data available.
Acknowledgements We thank Rune Mittet for valuable
comments on the manuscript, and we thank Pemex, MCG and
EMGS for permission to use the data examples.
Further Reading
Alcocer, J.A.E., Garcı ´a, M.V., Soto, H.S., Baltar, D., Paramo,
V.R., Gabrielsen, P., et al. 2013. Reducing uncertainty by
integrating 3D CSEM in the Mexican deep-water exploration workflow. First Break 31(4), 75–79.
Bhuyian, A.H., Landrø, M. and Johansen, S.E. 2012. Threedimensional modeling and time-laps sensitivity for subsurface CO 2 storage. Geophysics 77(5).
Bhuyian, A.H., Thrane, B.P., Landrø, M. and Johansen, S.E.
2010. Controlled source electromagnetic three-dimensional
grid-modelling based on a complex resistivity structure of
the seafloor: effects of acquisition parameters and geometry
of multi-layered resistors. Geophysical Prospecting 58,
505–533.
Bhuiyan, A.H., Wicklund, T.W. and Johansen, S.E. 2006. Highresistivity anomalies at Modgunn Arch in the Norwegian
Sea. First Break 24, 39–44.
Buland, A., Løseth, L.O., Becht, A., Roudot, M. and Røsten, T.
2011. The value of CSEM data in exploration. First Break
29(4), 69–76.
Chave, A.D. and Cox, C.S. 1982. Controlled electromagnetic
sources for measuring electrical conductivity beneath the
oceans 1. Forward problem and model study. Journal of
Geophysical Research 87(B7), 5327–5338.
Constable, S. 2010. Ten years of marine CSEM for hydrocarbon
exploration. Geophysics 75(5), 75A67–75A81.
Constable, S. and Chester, J. 2006. Weiss Mapping thin resistors
and hydrocarbons with marine EM methods: Insights from
1D modeling. Geophysics 71, G43–G51.
Cox, C.S., Constable, S.C., Chave, A.D. and Webb, S.C. 1986.
Controlled source electromagnetic sounding of the oceanic
lithosphere. Nature 320, 52–54.
Eidesmo, T., Ellingsrud, S., MacGregor, L.M., Constable, S.,
Sinha, M.C., Johansen, S.E., et al. 2002. Sea Bed Logging
(SBL), a new method for remote and direct identification of
hydrocarbon filled layers in deepwater areas. First Break 20,
144–152.
Ellingsrud, S., Sinha, M.C., Constable, S., MacGregor, L.M.,
Eidesmo, T. and Johansen, S.E. 2002. Remote sensing of
hydrocarbon layers by Sea Bed Logging (SBL): Results
from a cruise offshore Angola. The Leading Edge 21,
972–982.
Fanavoll, S., Ellingsrud, S., Gabrielsen, P., Tharimela, R. and
Ridyard, D. 2012. Exploration with the use of EM data in the
Barents Sea: The potential and the challenges. First Break
30(4), 89–93.
Gabrielsen, P. and Fanavoll, S. 2012. Application of CSEM data
in exploration—A case study from the Nordland Ridge,
Norwegian Sea. SEG International Geophysical Conference
and Oil and Gas Exhibition, Istanbul. Extended abstract.
Gabrielsen, P.T., Brevik, I., Mittet, R. and Løseth, L.O. 2009.
Investigating the exploration potential for 3D CSEM using a
calibration survey over the Troll Field. First Break 27(6),
67–75.
Gabrielsen, P.T., Abrahamson, P., Panzner, M., Fanavoll, S. and
Ellingsrud, S. 2013. Exploring frontier areas using 2D seismic and 3D CSEM data, as exemplified by multi-client data
over the Skrugard and Havis discoveries in the Barents Sea.
First Break 31(1), 65–73.
Hesthammer, J., Fanavoll, S., Stefatos, A., Danielsen, J.E. and
Boulaenko, M. 2010. CSEM performance in the light of well
results. The Leading Edge 29, 34–41.
Johansen, S.E., Amundsen, H.E.F., Røsten, T., Ellingsrud, S.,
Eidesmo, T. and Bhuyian, A.H. 2005. Subsurface
hydrocarbons detected by electromagnetic sounding. First
Break 23, 31–36.
Johansen, S.E., Amundsen, H.E.F. and Wicklund, Tor A. 2007.
Interpretation of SeaBed Logging (SBL) data. Leading Edge,
January Volume.
Johansen, S.E., Brauti, K., Fanavoll, S., Amundsen, H.E.F.,
Wicklund, T.A., Danielsen, J., et al. 2008. How EM survey
analysis validates current technology, processing and interpretation methodology. First Break 26, 83–88.
Key, K.W. 2003. Application of broadband marine
magnetotelluric exploration to a 3D salt structure and a
fast-spreading ridge. Doctor of Philosophy thesis. University
of California, San Diego.
Kong, F.N., Westerdahl, H., Ellingsrud, S., Eidesmo, T. and
Johansen, S.E. 2002. Seabed logging: A possible direct
hydrocarbon indicator for deepsea prospects using EM
energy. Oil & Gas Journal, May 13.
Lu, X. and Xia, C. 2007. Understanding anisotropy in marine
CSEM data. 77th SEG Annual Meeting, San Antonio.
Løseth, L.O. 2007. Modelling of controlled source electromagnetic data. Doctor of Philosophy thesis. Department of Physics at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Mittet, R. and Gabrielsen, P.T. 2013. Decomposition in upgoing
and downgoing fields and inversion of marine CSEM data.
Geophysics 78, E1–E17.
Mittet, R. and Morten, J.P. 2012. Detection and imaging sensitivity of the marine CSEM method. Geophysics 77,
E411–E425.
Mittet, R. and Morten, J.P. 2013. The marine controlled-source
electromagnetic method in shallow water. Geophysics 78,
E67–E77.
Morten, J.P. and Bjørke, A.K. 2010 Fast-track marine CSEM
processing and 3D inversion. 72nd EAGE Conference &
Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2010, Barcelona.
Extended abstract C004.
Morten, J.P., Roth, F., Karlsen, S.A., Timko, D., Pacurar, C.,
Olsen, P.A., et al. 2012. Field appraisal and accurate
resource estimation from 3D quantitative interpretation of
seismic and CSEM data. The Leading Edge 31, 447–456.
Weiss, C. and Constable, S. 2006. Mapping thin resistors and
hydrocarbons with marine EM methods, Part II—Modeling
and analysis in 3D. Geophysics 71, G321–G332.
544
S.E. Johansen and P.T. Gabrielsen