Type 2 sequence: The sea level position above the
sequence boundary corresponds to the position of the
previous shoreline below the boundary. Consequently,
the boundary reveals an aggradational development.
During the sea level low stand a shelf margin systems
tract is deposited.
7.9.7 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy
Sequence stratigraphy was originally developed for
siliciclastic systems, but the same principles can be
applied to carbonate systems as well. However, the
special features of carbonates make the appearance of
stratigraphic elements somewhat different in the two
system types.
Carbonate production takes place mainly in situ,
and is particularly high during moderate sea level
rise, which typically results in extremely thick transgressive systems tracts. Parasequences formed in
peritidal environments are particularly thick. The
highstand systems tracts in carbonate successions are
much thinner than in siliciclastic sequences. During
transgression, extremely rapid sea level rise stops in
situ carbonate production, which leads to the formation of condensed sections. Carbonates are prone to
dissolution, leading to sequence boundaries commonly marked by solution surfaces, karst development
and palaeosols.
Further Reading
Armstrong, H.A. and Brasier, M.D. 2005. Microfossils, 2nd
edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 296 pp.
Basov, V., Nikitenko, B. and Kupriyanova, N. 2008. Lower and
Middle Jurassic foraminiferal and ostracod biostratigraphy
of the eastern Barents Sea and correlation with northern
Siberia. Norwegian Journal of Geology 88, 259–266.
Coe, A.L. (ed.). 2005. The Sedimentary Record of Sea-level
Changes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 287 pp.
Copestake, P. 1993. Application of micropaleontology to hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. In: Jenkins, D.G. (ed.),
Applied Micropaleontology. Kluwer Academic Press,
Dordrecht, pp. 93–152.
Dera, G., Neige, P., Dommergues, J-L. and Brayard, A. 2011.
Ammonite paleobiogeography during the PliensbachianToarcian crisis (Early Jurassic) reflecting paleoclimate,
eustasy and extinctions. Global and Planetary Change 78,
92–105.
Embry, A.F. 2009. Practical Sequence Stratigraphy. Canadian
Society of Petroleum Geologists, Online at www.cspg.org,
81 pp.
Gradstein, F.M. and Ogg, J.G. 2004. Geological time scale 2004
– Why, how and where next! Lethaia, 37, 157–181.
Hallam, A. 1992. Phanerozoic Sea-level Changes. Columbia
University Press, New York, NY, 266 pp.
Haq, B.U. and Boersma, A. 1978. Introduction to Micropaleontology. Elsevier, North-Holland, 376 pp.
Hedberg, H.D. (ed.). 1976. International Stratigraphic Code
Guide. Wiley, New York, 200 pp.
Jones, R.W. 1996. Micropalaeontology in Petroleum Exploration. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 432 pp.
Jones, R.W. 2006. Applied Palaeontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 434 pp.
Kautsakos, E.A.M. (ed.). 2005. Applied Stratigraphy. Springer,
Dordrecht, 488 pp.
Lindberg, D.R., Lipps, H.J. and Hazel, J.E. 1993. Micropaleontology. In: Lipps, H.J. (ed.), Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA, pp. 31–50.
Lipps, J.H. (ed.). 1993. Fossil Prokariotes and Protists.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA, 342 pp.
Loutit, T.S., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R. and Baum, G.R. 1988.
Condensed sections: The key to age determination and correlation of continental margin sequences. In: Wilgus, C.K.,
Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.V., Ross,
C.A. and Van Wagoner, J.C. (eds.), Sea Level Changes – An
Integrated Approach. SEPM Special Publication 42, pp.
183–213.
Nagy, J., Hess, S., Dypvik, H. and Bjærke, T. 2011. Marine shelf
to paralic biofacies of Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic
deposits in Spitsbergen. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 300, 138–151.
Nystuen, J.P. 1998. History and development of sequence stratigraphy. In: Gradstein, F.M., Sandvik, K.O. and Milton, N.J.
(eds.) Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publication 8,
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 31–116.
Ogg, J.G. 1995. Magnetic polarity time scale of the Phanerozoic. Global Earth Physics – A Handbook of Physical
Constants. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
pp. 247–270.
Ortiz, S., Alegret, L., Payros, A., Orue-Etxebarria, X.,
Apellaniz, E. and Molina, E. 2011. Distribution patterns of
benthic foraminifera across the Ypresian-Lutecian
Gorrondatxe section, Northern Spain: Response to sedimentary disturbance. Marine Micropaleontology 78, 1–13.
Rodrı ´guez-Tovar, F.J., Uchman, A., Payros, A., OrueEtxebarria, X., Apellaniz, E. and Molina, E. 2011. Sea-level
dynamics and palaeoecological factors affecting trace fossil
distribution in Eocene turbiditic deposits (Gorrondatxe section, N Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 285, 50–65.
Setoyama, E., Radmacher, W., Kaminski, M.A. and Tyszka, J.
2013. Foraminiferal and palynological biostratigraphy and
biofacies from a Santoniane Campanian submarine fan system in the Vøring Basin (offshore Norway). Marine and
Petroleum Geology 43, 396–408.
Sluijs, A., Ursula R., Schouten, S., Brumsack, H.J., Sangiorgi,
F., Jaap S., Sinninghe, J., Damste, S. and Brinkhuis, H. 2008.
Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene paleoenvironments with
special emphasis on the Paleocene-Eocene thermal
252
J. Nagy and K. Bjørlykke
sequence boundary corresponds to the position of the
previous shoreline below the boundary. Consequently,
the boundary reveals an aggradational development.
During the sea level low stand a shelf margin systems
tract is deposited.
7.9.7 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy
Sequence stratigraphy was originally developed for
siliciclastic systems, but the same principles can be
applied to carbonate systems as well. However, the
special features of carbonates make the appearance of
stratigraphic elements somewhat different in the two
system types.
Carbonate production takes place mainly in situ,
and is particularly high during moderate sea level
rise, which typically results in extremely thick transgressive systems tracts. Parasequences formed in
peritidal environments are particularly thick. The
highstand systems tracts in carbonate successions are
much thinner than in siliciclastic sequences. During
transgression, extremely rapid sea level rise stops in
situ carbonate production, which leads to the formation of condensed sections. Carbonates are prone to
dissolution, leading to sequence boundaries commonly marked by solution surfaces, karst development
and palaeosols.
Further Reading
Armstrong, H.A. and Brasier, M.D. 2005. Microfossils, 2nd
edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 296 pp.
Basov, V., Nikitenko, B. and Kupriyanova, N. 2008. Lower and
Middle Jurassic foraminiferal and ostracod biostratigraphy
of the eastern Barents Sea and correlation with northern
Siberia. Norwegian Journal of Geology 88, 259–266.
Coe, A.L. (ed.). 2005. The Sedimentary Record of Sea-level
Changes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 287 pp.
Copestake, P. 1993. Application of micropaleontology to hydrocarbon exploration in the North Sea. In: Jenkins, D.G. (ed.),
Applied Micropaleontology. Kluwer Academic Press,
Dordrecht, pp. 93–152.
Dera, G., Neige, P., Dommergues, J-L. and Brayard, A. 2011.
Ammonite paleobiogeography during the PliensbachianToarcian crisis (Early Jurassic) reflecting paleoclimate,
eustasy and extinctions. Global and Planetary Change 78,
92–105.
Embry, A.F. 2009. Practical Sequence Stratigraphy. Canadian
Society of Petroleum Geologists, Online at www.cspg.org,
81 pp.
Gradstein, F.M. and Ogg, J.G. 2004. Geological time scale 2004
– Why, how and where next! Lethaia, 37, 157–181.
Hallam, A. 1992. Phanerozoic Sea-level Changes. Columbia
University Press, New York, NY, 266 pp.
Haq, B.U. and Boersma, A. 1978. Introduction to Micropaleontology. Elsevier, North-Holland, 376 pp.
Hedberg, H.D. (ed.). 1976. International Stratigraphic Code
Guide. Wiley, New York, 200 pp.
Jones, R.W. 1996. Micropalaeontology in Petroleum Exploration. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 432 pp.
Jones, R.W. 2006. Applied Palaeontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 434 pp.
Kautsakos, E.A.M. (ed.). 2005. Applied Stratigraphy. Springer,
Dordrecht, 488 pp.
Lindberg, D.R., Lipps, H.J. and Hazel, J.E. 1993. Micropaleontology. In: Lipps, H.J. (ed.), Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA, pp. 31–50.
Lipps, J.H. (ed.). 1993. Fossil Prokariotes and Protists.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA, 342 pp.
Loutit, T.S., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R. and Baum, G.R. 1988.
Condensed sections: The key to age determination and correlation of continental margin sequences. In: Wilgus, C.K.,
Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G.St.C., Posamentier, H.V., Ross,
C.A. and Van Wagoner, J.C. (eds.), Sea Level Changes – An
Integrated Approach. SEPM Special Publication 42, pp.
183–213.
Nagy, J., Hess, S., Dypvik, H. and Bjærke, T. 2011. Marine shelf
to paralic biofacies of Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic
deposits in Spitsbergen. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 300, 138–151.
Nystuen, J.P. 1998. History and development of sequence stratigraphy. In: Gradstein, F.M., Sandvik, K.O. and Milton, N.J.
(eds.) Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publication 8,
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 31–116.
Ogg, J.G. 1995. Magnetic polarity time scale of the Phanerozoic. Global Earth Physics – A Handbook of Physical
Constants. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC,
pp. 247–270.
Ortiz, S., Alegret, L., Payros, A., Orue-Etxebarria, X.,
Apellaniz, E. and Molina, E. 2011. Distribution patterns of
benthic foraminifera across the Ypresian-Lutecian
Gorrondatxe section, Northern Spain: Response to sedimentary disturbance. Marine Micropaleontology 78, 1–13.
Rodrı ´guez-Tovar, F.J., Uchman, A., Payros, A., OrueEtxebarria, X., Apellaniz, E. and Molina, E. 2011. Sea-level
dynamics and palaeoecological factors affecting trace fossil
distribution in Eocene turbiditic deposits (Gorrondatxe section, N Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 285, 50–65.
Setoyama, E., Radmacher, W., Kaminski, M.A. and Tyszka, J.
2013. Foraminiferal and palynological biostratigraphy and
biofacies from a Santoniane Campanian submarine fan system in the Vøring Basin (offshore Norway). Marine and
Petroleum Geology 43, 396–408.
Sluijs, A., Ursula R., Schouten, S., Brumsack, H.J., Sangiorgi,
F., Jaap S., Sinninghe, J., Damste, S. and Brinkhuis, H. 2008.
Arctic late Paleocene–early Eocene paleoenvironments with
special emphasis on the Paleocene-Eocene thermal
252
J. Nagy and K. Bjørlykke