Reduction Behaviors of Hematite to Metallic Iron …
121
and the rate-determining step is found to be the reaction at phase boundaries. The
apparent activation energies, E, of Fe 2 O 3 → Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 → Fe are calculated
to be 17.39 kJ/mol and 11.58 kJ/mol, respectively.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (No: 2018CDYJSY0055) and the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 51874056).
References
1. Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2019) Reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen—a review. Steel Res Int
90:1900108
2. Lyu Q, Qie Y, Liu X et al (2017) Effect of hydrogen addition on reduction behavior of iron
oxides in gas-injection blast furnace, Thermochim. Acta 648:79–90
3. FuelCellsWorks (2020) First plant in Germany in hydrogen-based steel production goes into
operation
4. Agency IE (2010) The energy technology systems analysis program (ETSAP)—technology
brief: iron and steel. Paris
5. Hasanbeigi A, Arens M, Price L (2014) Alternative emerging ironmaking technologies for
energy-efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction: a technical review. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 33:645–658
6. Schenk JL (2011) Recent status of fluidized bed technologies for producing iron input materials
for steelmaking. Particuology 9:14–23
7. Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2020) Fluidization behavior and reducibility of iron ore fines during
hydrogen-induced fluidized bed reduction. Particuology 52:36–46
8. Beheshti R, Moosberg-Bustnes J, Kennedy MW et al (2016) Reduction of commercial hematite
pellet in isothermal fixed bed—experiments and numerical modelling. Ironmaking Steelmaking
43:31–38
9. D ˙ Ilmaç N, Yörük S, Gülabo˘ glu ¸
SM (2015) Investigation of direct reduction mechanism of
attepe iron ore by hydrogen in a fluidized bed. Metall Mater Trans B 46:2278–2287
10. Chen H, Zheng Z, Chen Z et al (2017) Reduction of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) to metallic iron (Fe)
by CO in a micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer: a multistep kinetics study. Powder Technol
316:410–420
11. He K, Zheng Z, Chen Z (2020) Multistep reduction kinetics of Fe 3 O 4 to Fe with CO in a micro
fluidized bed reaction analyzer. Powder Technol 360:1227–1236
12. Su M, Ma J, Tian X et al (2017) Reduction kinetics of hematite as oxygen carrier in chemical
looping combustion. Fuel Process Technol 155:160–167
13. Su M, Zhao H, Tian X, et al (2017) Intrinsic reduction kinetics investigation on a hematite
oxygen carrier by CO in chemical looping combustion. Energy Fuels 31
14. Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2019) Iron ore reduction by hydrogen using a laboratory scale fluidized
bed reactor: kinetic investigation—experimental setup and method for determination. Metall
Mater Trans B 50:2471–2484
15. Jozwiak WK, Kaczmarek E, Maniecki TP, et al (2007) Reduction behavior of iron oxides in
hydrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres. Appl Catal A 326:17–27
16. Hou B, Zhang H, Li H et al (2012) Study on kinetics of iron oxide reduction by hydrogen. Chin
J Chem Eng 20:10–17
17. Gaviría JP, Bohé A, Pasquevich A et al (2007) Hematite to magnetite reduction monitored by
Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Phys B 389:198–201
18. Pineau A, Kanari N, Gaballah I (2006) Kinetics of reduction of iron oxides by H 2 : Part I: low
temperature reduction of hematite, Thermochim. Acta 447:89–100
121
and the rate-determining step is found to be the reaction at phase boundaries. The
apparent activation energies, E, of Fe 2 O 3 → Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 3 O 4 → Fe are calculated
to be 17.39 kJ/mol and 11.58 kJ/mol, respectively.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (No: 2018CDYJSY0055) and the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 51874056).
References
1. Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2019) Reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen—a review. Steel Res Int
90:1900108
2. Lyu Q, Qie Y, Liu X et al (2017) Effect of hydrogen addition on reduction behavior of iron
oxides in gas-injection blast furnace, Thermochim. Acta 648:79–90
3. FuelCellsWorks (2020) First plant in Germany in hydrogen-based steel production goes into
operation
4. Agency IE (2010) The energy technology systems analysis program (ETSAP)—technology
brief: iron and steel. Paris
5. Hasanbeigi A, Arens M, Price L (2014) Alternative emerging ironmaking technologies for
energy-efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction: a technical review. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 33:645–658
6. Schenk JL (2011) Recent status of fluidized bed technologies for producing iron input materials
for steelmaking. Particuology 9:14–23
7. Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2020) Fluidization behavior and reducibility of iron ore fines during
hydrogen-induced fluidized bed reduction. Particuology 52:36–46
8. Beheshti R, Moosberg-Bustnes J, Kennedy MW et al (2016) Reduction of commercial hematite
pellet in isothermal fixed bed—experiments and numerical modelling. Ironmaking Steelmaking
43:31–38
9. D ˙ Ilmaç N, Yörük S, Gülabo˘ glu ¸
SM (2015) Investigation of direct reduction mechanism of
attepe iron ore by hydrogen in a fluidized bed. Metall Mater Trans B 46:2278–2287
10. Chen H, Zheng Z, Chen Z et al (2017) Reduction of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) to metallic iron (Fe)
by CO in a micro fluidized bed reaction analyzer: a multistep kinetics study. Powder Technol
316:410–420
11. He K, Zheng Z, Chen Z (2020) Multistep reduction kinetics of Fe 3 O 4 to Fe with CO in a micro
fluidized bed reaction analyzer. Powder Technol 360:1227–1236
12. Su M, Ma J, Tian X et al (2017) Reduction kinetics of hematite as oxygen carrier in chemical
looping combustion. Fuel Process Technol 155:160–167
13. Su M, Zhao H, Tian X, et al (2017) Intrinsic reduction kinetics investigation on a hematite
oxygen carrier by CO in chemical looping combustion. Energy Fuels 31
14. Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2019) Iron ore reduction by hydrogen using a laboratory scale fluidized
bed reactor: kinetic investigation—experimental setup and method for determination. Metall
Mater Trans B 50:2471–2484
15. Jozwiak WK, Kaczmarek E, Maniecki TP, et al (2007) Reduction behavior of iron oxides in
hydrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres. Appl Catal A 326:17–27
16. Hou B, Zhang H, Li H et al (2012) Study on kinetics of iron oxide reduction by hydrogen. Chin
J Chem Eng 20:10–17
17. Gaviría JP, Bohé A, Pasquevich A et al (2007) Hematite to magnetite reduction monitored by
Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Phys B 389:198–201
18. Pineau A, Kanari N, Gaballah I (2006) Kinetics of reduction of iron oxides by H 2 : Part I: low
temperature reduction of hematite, Thermochim. Acta 447:89–100