Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 What Led Me to This Research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Positioning Myself in the Research Aims and Questions . . . . . . . . .
3
1.3 Theoretical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.4 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.5 Outline of the Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
2 The Study Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 An Overview of the O&G Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 O&G Project Cycles and Respective Activities . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 O&G Activities and Their Impact on Host Environments
and Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 The Direct Impacts of O&G Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 The Socio-Economic Impacts of O&G Activities . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 International Banks and Their Impact on the O&G Industry . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Literature Review: Social Investment in the O&G Sector . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Why Do O&G Social Investments Fail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Replicating the Same Social Investment Concept
and Design in Different Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.2 Solely Business-Oriented O&G Social Investment . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.3 O&G Social Investment Used to Benefit a Few
Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.4 O&G Social Investment as an Alternative
to Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.5 O&G Social Investment Solely Based on Philanthropy . . . . 34
3.2 Why Do O&G Social Investments Succeed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.1 Community-Centred O&G Social Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.2 Transparent and Accountable O&G Social Investment . . . . . 38
3.3 ‘Gaps’ in the Existing Literature on O&G Social Investment . . . . . . 39
xv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 What Led Me to This Research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Positioning Myself in the Research Aims and Questions . . . . . . . . .
3
1.3 Theoretical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.4 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.5 Outline of the Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
2 The Study Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 An Overview of the O&G Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 O&G Project Cycles and Respective Activities . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 O&G Activities and Their Impact on Host Environments
and Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 The Direct Impacts of O&G Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 The Socio-Economic Impacts of O&G Activities . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 International Banks and Their Impact on the O&G Industry . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Literature Review: Social Investment in the O&G Sector . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Why Do O&G Social Investments Fail? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Replicating the Same Social Investment Concept
and Design in Different Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.2 Solely Business-Oriented O&G Social Investment . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.3 O&G Social Investment Used to Benefit a Few
Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.4 O&G Social Investment as an Alternative
to Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.5 O&G Social Investment Solely Based on Philanthropy . . . . 34
3.2 Why Do O&G Social Investments Succeed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.1 Community-Centred O&G Social Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.2 Transparent and Accountable O&G Social Investment . . . . . 38
3.3 ‘Gaps’ in the Existing Literature on O&G Social Investment . . . . . . 39
xv