brightness scale? For more fun, consider Eta Carinae, which is ~180 times the
radius of the sun, and has a surface temperature is 36,000–40,000 K.
2. A common value for the average spectral brightness of a synchrotron source is
~10
20 photon s
À1 mm
À2 mrad
À2 /0.1% bandwidth. What temperature is required
for a blackbody source to have the same spectral brightness at 10 keV? How does
that temperature compare with that of a hydrogen bomb?
3. Apart from brightness and spectral brightness, a third metric for synchrotron
sources is peak spectral brightness. This is the spectral brightness over the time
interval when the maximum flux occurs. If the average spectral brightness of a
synchrotron source is 10
20 photon s
À1 mm
À2 mrad
À2 /0.1% bandwidth, what is
the peak spectral brightness if the bunch length is 50 ps and the repetition rate is
1 MHz?
1.8 Reference Books and Review Articles
1. “Synchrotron Radiation—A Powerful Tool in Science” in Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation, E.-E. Koch, D. E. Eastman, and Y. Farge, North-Holland,
Amsterdam, 1–63 (1983)—overview of early synchrotron radiation sources and
references to more detailed accounts. ISBN 978-0444864253.
2. Particle Accelerator Physics—Basic Principles and Linear Beam Dynamics,
H. Wiedemann, Springer-Verlag, New York, 4th edition (2015)—chapters
2 and 3 contain histories of linear and circular particle accelerators, with extensive
references. ISBN 978-3-319-18316-9.
3. Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, G. Margaritondo, Oxford University
Press, New York (1988)—chapter 1 has a brief history of X-ray science. ISBN
0-19-504524-6.
4. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, P. Willmott, John Wiley and Sons
(2011)—chapter 1 has a brief history of X-ray science. ISBN 978-0-470-74579-3.
5. Synchrotron Radiation News, Vol. 28, 2015—a special issue devoted to personal
reminiscences.
6. “Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities”, Phil.
Trans. Royal Soc. 2019, 377, A, S. S. Hasnain and C. R. Catlow, eds.—a special
issue based on a 2018 conference
7. A Skeleton in the Darkroom—Stories of Serendipity in Science, G. Shapiro,
Harper & Row, San Francisco (1986). Ch. 1 recreates Röntgen’s discovery of
X-rays. ISBN 0-06-250778-8.
10
1 Introduction and Historical Background
radius of the sun, and has a surface temperature is 36,000–40,000 K.
2. A common value for the average spectral brightness of a synchrotron source is
~10
20 photon s
À1 mm
À2 mrad
À2 /0.1% bandwidth. What temperature is required
for a blackbody source to have the same spectral brightness at 10 keV? How does
that temperature compare with that of a hydrogen bomb?
3. Apart from brightness and spectral brightness, a third metric for synchrotron
sources is peak spectral brightness. This is the spectral brightness over the time
interval when the maximum flux occurs. If the average spectral brightness of a
synchrotron source is 10
20 photon s
À1 mm
À2 mrad
À2 /0.1% bandwidth, what is
the peak spectral brightness if the bunch length is 50 ps and the repetition rate is
1 MHz?
1.8 Reference Books and Review Articles
1. “Synchrotron Radiation—A Powerful Tool in Science” in Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation, E.-E. Koch, D. E. Eastman, and Y. Farge, North-Holland,
Amsterdam, 1–63 (1983)—overview of early synchrotron radiation sources and
references to more detailed accounts. ISBN 978-0444864253.
2. Particle Accelerator Physics—Basic Principles and Linear Beam Dynamics,
H. Wiedemann, Springer-Verlag, New York, 4th edition (2015)—chapters
2 and 3 contain histories of linear and circular particle accelerators, with extensive
references. ISBN 978-3-319-18316-9.
3. Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, G. Margaritondo, Oxford University
Press, New York (1988)—chapter 1 has a brief history of X-ray science. ISBN
0-19-504524-6.
4. An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, P. Willmott, John Wiley and Sons
(2011)—chapter 1 has a brief history of X-ray science. ISBN 978-0-470-74579-3.
5. Synchrotron Radiation News, Vol. 28, 2015—a special issue devoted to personal
reminiscences.
6. “Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities”, Phil.
Trans. Royal Soc. 2019, 377, A, S. S. Hasnain and C. R. Catlow, eds.—a special
issue based on a 2018 conference
7. A Skeleton in the Darkroom—Stories of Serendipity in Science, G. Shapiro,
Harper & Row, San Francisco (1986). Ch. 1 recreates Röntgen’s discovery of
X-rays. ISBN 0-06-250778-8.
10
1 Introduction and Historical Background