216
Glossary
Compounds
Acid Acidic, can donate a hydrogen. Carboxylic acids:
acidity is associated with carboxyl group (–COOH) (ends
in -oic acid or -ic acid)
Alcohol Derivatives of hydrocarbons, in which an –OH
group has replaced a hydrogen atom (end in –ol)
Aldehyde Carbonyl group, where the C atom is linked
to an H and to a carbon atom or two hydrogen atoms
(H-(C=O)-R/H)
Alkane Consists entirely of single-bonded carbon and
hydrogen atoms and lacks any other functional groups
(ends in –ane)
Alkene A hydrocarbon, which is unsaturated (C=C),
which means that it contains at least one carbon-tocarbon double bond. Also called olefins (ends in –ene).
Alkenes that contain two double bonds are called diene
Alkyne Contains one or more carbon-carbon triple
bonds (ends in –yne)
Amide Derived from carboxylic acids where the -OH
group of the −COOH functional group has been
replaced by an −NH 2 group to form a − CONH 2 group
(ends in –amide); secondary amides are marked with “N”
to designate that the alkyl group is on the nitrogen
atom, tertiary amides with two “N” before the name
Amine Derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which one or
more of the hydrogens have been replaced by an
organic group (alkyl or aryl group); amines are formed if
amino acids are decarboxylated; primary amines have
one alkyl group bound to the N; a nitrogen bound to
four alkyl groups will necessarily be positively charged
and is called a 4°-ammonium cation
Cation Positively charged ion
Enol Alcohol groups substituted directly onto alkenes
(R-(C-OH) = C-R´); good nucleophiles; called “alkene-ols”
or enols
Ester Combination of alcohols with acids (R-(C=O)-O-R´)
Ether Organic compound that contains an oxygen
between two alkyl groups (R-O-R)
Glycoside Acetal derivatives formed when a monosaccharide reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid
catalyst (ends in -oside)
Hydrocarbon Organic compound consisting only of
carbons and hydrogens
Imine Or Schiff base, is a compound with a C=N double
bond
Ketone Carbonyl group, where the C atom is linked to
two carbon atoms (R-(C=O)-R’); removal of the amino
group from an amino acid leads to a keto acid
(OH-(C=O)-R)
Lactones Cyclic esters with a ring of two or more
carbon atoms and a single oxygen atom with a ketone
group at one of the carbons adjacent to the other
oxygen; they are formed by intramolecular esterification
(end in –one)
Ternary compound Ionic compound composed of
three or more elements and compounds that contain
polyatomic ions
Side Groups
Acetyl group Carbonyl group, where the C atom is
linked to a methyl group (CH 3 -(C=O)-R)
Alkyl group Contains a point for an attachment that
forms if a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane
Allyl group Consists of a methylene bridge (−CH 2 −)
attached to −CH=CH 2 (H 2 C=CH–CH 2 –)
Carbonyl group C=O
CoA Coenzyme A consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine
group linked with an amid linkage to the vitamin
pantothenic acid; this generates a reactive high energy
bond, which delivers the acetyl groups to other
compounds; the simplest form is acetyl-CoA
Methyl group Alkyl derived from methane, -CH 3
PP Pyrophosphate, an allylic diphosphate ester bond
that energizes the compound when removed
Glossary
Glossary
Compounds
Acid Acidic, can donate a hydrogen. Carboxylic acids:
acidity is associated with carboxyl group (–COOH) (ends
in -oic acid or -ic acid)
Alcohol Derivatives of hydrocarbons, in which an –OH
group has replaced a hydrogen atom (end in –ol)
Aldehyde Carbonyl group, where the C atom is linked
to an H and to a carbon atom or two hydrogen atoms
(H-(C=O)-R/H)
Alkane Consists entirely of single-bonded carbon and
hydrogen atoms and lacks any other functional groups
(ends in –ane)
Alkene A hydrocarbon, which is unsaturated (C=C),
which means that it contains at least one carbon-tocarbon double bond. Also called olefins (ends in –ene).
Alkenes that contain two double bonds are called diene
Alkyne Contains one or more carbon-carbon triple
bonds (ends in –yne)
Amide Derived from carboxylic acids where the -OH
group of the −COOH functional group has been
replaced by an −NH 2 group to form a − CONH 2 group
(ends in –amide); secondary amides are marked with “N”
to designate that the alkyl group is on the nitrogen
atom, tertiary amides with two “N” before the name
Amine Derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) in which one or
more of the hydrogens have been replaced by an
organic group (alkyl or aryl group); amines are formed if
amino acids are decarboxylated; primary amines have
one alkyl group bound to the N; a nitrogen bound to
four alkyl groups will necessarily be positively charged
and is called a 4°-ammonium cation
Cation Positively charged ion
Enol Alcohol groups substituted directly onto alkenes
(R-(C-OH) = C-R´); good nucleophiles; called “alkene-ols”
or enols
Ester Combination of alcohols with acids (R-(C=O)-O-R´)
Ether Organic compound that contains an oxygen
between two alkyl groups (R-O-R)
Glycoside Acetal derivatives formed when a monosaccharide reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid
catalyst (ends in -oside)
Hydrocarbon Organic compound consisting only of
carbons and hydrogens
Imine Or Schiff base, is a compound with a C=N double
bond
Ketone Carbonyl group, where the C atom is linked to
two carbon atoms (R-(C=O)-R’); removal of the amino
group from an amino acid leads to a keto acid
(OH-(C=O)-R)
Lactones Cyclic esters with a ring of two or more
carbon atoms and a single oxygen atom with a ketone
group at one of the carbons adjacent to the other
oxygen; they are formed by intramolecular esterification
(end in –one)
Ternary compound Ionic compound composed of
three or more elements and compounds that contain
polyatomic ions
Side Groups
Acetyl group Carbonyl group, where the C atom is
linked to a methyl group (CH 3 -(C=O)-R)
Alkyl group Contains a point for an attachment that
forms if a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane
Allyl group Consists of a methylene bridge (−CH 2 −)
attached to −CH=CH 2 (H 2 C=CH–CH 2 –)
Carbonyl group C=O
CoA Coenzyme A consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine
group linked with an amid linkage to the vitamin
pantothenic acid; this generates a reactive high energy
bond, which delivers the acetyl groups to other
compounds; the simplest form is acetyl-CoA
Methyl group Alkyl derived from methane, -CH 3
PP Pyrophosphate, an allylic diphosphate ester bond
that energizes the compound when removed
Glossary