toxicity and safety of NPs must be addressed. A pipeline of assays is needed to
select the most efficient NPs and may include investigation of parameters crucial
for efficient cellular uptake and retention; molecular analysis of uptake
mechanisms, intracellular trafficking and degradation pathways of NPs; cellular
tests for the effects of NPs on cellular physiology, proliferation and differentiation;
and toxicity assays for genotoxicity, mutagenesis and oncogenesis. Finally,
NP-based gene delivery offers new opportunities for transgenesis that need to be
explored to utilize its full potential.
Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by grants from the BioGreen 21 Program
(#PJ0080962012 and PJ0090142012), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance to Pallavi Pushp in the form of an Institute
Research Fellowship from NIT, Rourkela.
References
1. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P et al (1990) Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle
in vivo. Science 247:1465–1468
2. Read SP, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R (2010) A poly(ethylene) glycolylated peptide for
ocular delivery compacts DNA into nanoparticles for gene delivery to post-mitotic tissues
in vivo. J Gene Med 12:86–96
3. Wilson RW, Bloomfield VA (1979) Counterion-induced condesation of deoxyribonucleic
acid. A light-scattering study. Biochemistry 18:2192–2196
4. Farjo R, Skaggs J, Quiambao AB et al (2006) Efficient non-viral ocular gene transfer with
compacted DNA nanoparticles. PLoS One 1:e38
5. Fink TL, Klepcyk PJ, Oette SM et al (2006) Plasmid size up to 20 kbp does not limit effective
in vivo lung gene transfer using compacted DNA nanoparticles. Gene Ther 13:1048–1051
6. Kedziorek DA, Muja N, Walczak P et al (2010) Gene expression profiling reveals early
cellular responses to intracellular magnetic labeling with superparamagnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 63:1031–1043
7. Liu G, Molas M, Grossmann GA et al (2001) Biological properties of poly-L-lysine-DNA
complexes generated by cooperative binding of the polycation. J Biol Chem
276:34379–34387
8. Caracciolo G, Pozzi D, Capriotti AL et al (2011) Factors determining the superior performance of lipid/DNA/protammine nanoparticles over lipoplexes. J Med Chem 54:4160–4171
9. Han G, Chari NS, Verma A et al (2005) Controlled recovery of the transcription of
nanoparticle-bound DNA by intracellular concentrations of glutathione. Bioconjug Chem
16:1356–1359
10. McIntosh CM, Esposito EA 3rd, Boal AK et al (2001) Inhibition of DNA transcription using
cationic mixed monolayer protected gold clusters. J Am Chem Soc 123:7626–7629
11. Niidome T, Nakashima K, Takahashi H et al (2004) Preparation of primary amine-modified
gold nanoparticles and their transfection ability into cultivated cells. Chem Commun (Camb)
1978–1979
12. Rosi NL, Giljohann DA, Thaxton CS et al (2006) Oligonucleotide-modified gold
nanoparticles for intracellular gene regulation. Science 312:1027–1030
13. Seferos DS, Giljohann DA, Rosi NL et al (2007) Locked nucleic acid-nanoparticle
conjugates. Chembiochem 8:1230–1232
78
P. Pushp et al.
select the most efficient NPs and may include investigation of parameters crucial
for efficient cellular uptake and retention; molecular analysis of uptake
mechanisms, intracellular trafficking and degradation pathways of NPs; cellular
tests for the effects of NPs on cellular physiology, proliferation and differentiation;
and toxicity assays for genotoxicity, mutagenesis and oncogenesis. Finally,
NP-based gene delivery offers new opportunities for transgenesis that need to be
explored to utilize its full potential.
Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by grants from the BioGreen 21 Program
(#PJ0080962012 and PJ0090142012), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance to Pallavi Pushp in the form of an Institute
Research Fellowship from NIT, Rourkela.
References
1. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P et al (1990) Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle
in vivo. Science 247:1465–1468
2. Read SP, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R (2010) A poly(ethylene) glycolylated peptide for
ocular delivery compacts DNA into nanoparticles for gene delivery to post-mitotic tissues
in vivo. J Gene Med 12:86–96
3. Wilson RW, Bloomfield VA (1979) Counterion-induced condesation of deoxyribonucleic
acid. A light-scattering study. Biochemistry 18:2192–2196
4. Farjo R, Skaggs J, Quiambao AB et al (2006) Efficient non-viral ocular gene transfer with
compacted DNA nanoparticles. PLoS One 1:e38
5. Fink TL, Klepcyk PJ, Oette SM et al (2006) Plasmid size up to 20 kbp does not limit effective
in vivo lung gene transfer using compacted DNA nanoparticles. Gene Ther 13:1048–1051
6. Kedziorek DA, Muja N, Walczak P et al (2010) Gene expression profiling reveals early
cellular responses to intracellular magnetic labeling with superparamagnetic iron oxide
nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 63:1031–1043
7. Liu G, Molas M, Grossmann GA et al (2001) Biological properties of poly-L-lysine-DNA
complexes generated by cooperative binding of the polycation. J Biol Chem
276:34379–34387
8. Caracciolo G, Pozzi D, Capriotti AL et al (2011) Factors determining the superior performance of lipid/DNA/protammine nanoparticles over lipoplexes. J Med Chem 54:4160–4171
9. Han G, Chari NS, Verma A et al (2005) Controlled recovery of the transcription of
nanoparticle-bound DNA by intracellular concentrations of glutathione. Bioconjug Chem
16:1356–1359
10. McIntosh CM, Esposito EA 3rd, Boal AK et al (2001) Inhibition of DNA transcription using
cationic mixed monolayer protected gold clusters. J Am Chem Soc 123:7626–7629
11. Niidome T, Nakashima K, Takahashi H et al (2004) Preparation of primary amine-modified
gold nanoparticles and their transfection ability into cultivated cells. Chem Commun (Camb)
1978–1979
12. Rosi NL, Giljohann DA, Thaxton CS et al (2006) Oligonucleotide-modified gold
nanoparticles for intracellular gene regulation. Science 312:1027–1030
13. Seferos DS, Giljohann DA, Rosi NL et al (2007) Locked nucleic acid-nanoparticle
conjugates. Chembiochem 8:1230–1232
78
P. Pushp et al.