Qui et al. [215] designed functionalized MWCNTs incorporated into a chitosan
membrane for separation of ethanol–water mixtures by pervaporation. Venkatesan
et al. [216] synthesized chitosan with natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from
Thunnus Obesus bone and chitosan grafted with functionalized MWCNTs in addition
to HAp (f-MWCNT-g-chitosan/HAp) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
applications. A bionanocomposite film consisting of glucose oxidase/Pt/functional
graphene sheets/chitosan for glucose sensing was reported [217]. With the
electrocatalytic synergy of functional graphene sheets and Pt nanoparticles to hydrogen peroxide, a sensitive biosensor with a detection limit of 0.6 μM glucose was
achieved. Biofunctionalization and manipulation of graphene nanosheets are important for biomedical research and application. In this connection, chitosan-modified
graphene nanosheets were successfully prepared under microwave irradiation in N,Ndimethylformamide medium, which involved the reaction between the carboxyl
groups of the graphene oxide nanosheets and the amido groups of chitosan, followed
by the reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets into graphene nanosheets using
hydrazine hydrate [218]. Fan et al. [219] reported graphene/chitosan films prepared
by a solution-casting method and the biocompatibility of graphene/chitosan composite films was checked by tetrazolium-based colorimetric assays in vitro.
Lin et al. [201] prepared CdSe/ZnS QD-encapsulated chitosan hybrid
nanospheres. They demonstrated that these hybrid nanospheres can be internalized
by tumor cells and, hence, act as a labeling agent in cell imaging by optical
microscopy. Further, the nanospheres can be used for imaging of tumors in
tumor-bearing mice via intratumoral administration and can accumulate at the
tumor site via the blood circulation after intravenous injection. Jayshree et al.
[220] prepared chitosan–ZnS QDs conjugated with mannose ligand for targeted
cancer imaging. Their study highlighted the applicability of polysaccharideprotected and mannosylated fluorescent ZnS nanoprobes for active targeting of
cancer cells. Yuan et al. [221] reported research on the synthesis of blue-light
emitting ZnO QDs combined with biodegradable chitosan (N-acetylglucosamine)
for tumor-targeted drug delivery.
Wang et al. [222] prepared cholesterol succinyl chitosan-anchored liposomes
(CALs) and investigated their characterization, physical stability, and drug release
behavior in vitro. Compared with plain liposomes and chitosan-coated liposomes,
CALs had larger sizes, higher zeta potentials, and better physical stability after
storage at 4 Æ 2
C and 25 Æ 2
C. Wang et al. [223] prepared folate–PEG-coated
polymeric liposomes formed from octadecyl-quaternized lysine-modified chitosan
and cholesterol. They demonstrated that the folate–PEG-coated polymeric
liposomes could be a useful drug delivery system.
Functional nanomaterials are a powerful tool for bottom-up techniques in addition to the simplicity of large-scale preparation and the low manufacturing cost.
Within a short time span, nanomaterials will be used in multiple examples of
electronic, sensor, optical, and other devices. One of the great benefits of selforganized systems is that they can easily traverse different scales and be integrated
with microscale devices. From that point of view, the chitosan-based functional
nanomaterials will find more opportunities and success.
Functionalized Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Functional Nanomaterials
39
membrane for separation of ethanol–water mixtures by pervaporation. Venkatesan
et al. [216] synthesized chitosan with natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from
Thunnus Obesus bone and chitosan grafted with functionalized MWCNTs in addition
to HAp (f-MWCNT-g-chitosan/HAp) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
applications. A bionanocomposite film consisting of glucose oxidase/Pt/functional
graphene sheets/chitosan for glucose sensing was reported [217]. With the
electrocatalytic synergy of functional graphene sheets and Pt nanoparticles to hydrogen peroxide, a sensitive biosensor with a detection limit of 0.6 μM glucose was
achieved. Biofunctionalization and manipulation of graphene nanosheets are important for biomedical research and application. In this connection, chitosan-modified
graphene nanosheets were successfully prepared under microwave irradiation in N,Ndimethylformamide medium, which involved the reaction between the carboxyl
groups of the graphene oxide nanosheets and the amido groups of chitosan, followed
by the reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets into graphene nanosheets using
hydrazine hydrate [218]. Fan et al. [219] reported graphene/chitosan films prepared
by a solution-casting method and the biocompatibility of graphene/chitosan composite films was checked by tetrazolium-based colorimetric assays in vitro.
Lin et al. [201] prepared CdSe/ZnS QD-encapsulated chitosan hybrid
nanospheres. They demonstrated that these hybrid nanospheres can be internalized
by tumor cells and, hence, act as a labeling agent in cell imaging by optical
microscopy. Further, the nanospheres can be used for imaging of tumors in
tumor-bearing mice via intratumoral administration and can accumulate at the
tumor site via the blood circulation after intravenous injection. Jayshree et al.
[220] prepared chitosan–ZnS QDs conjugated with mannose ligand for targeted
cancer imaging. Their study highlighted the applicability of polysaccharideprotected and mannosylated fluorescent ZnS nanoprobes for active targeting of
cancer cells. Yuan et al. [221] reported research on the synthesis of blue-light
emitting ZnO QDs combined with biodegradable chitosan (N-acetylglucosamine)
for tumor-targeted drug delivery.
Wang et al. [222] prepared cholesterol succinyl chitosan-anchored liposomes
(CALs) and investigated their characterization, physical stability, and drug release
behavior in vitro. Compared with plain liposomes and chitosan-coated liposomes,
CALs had larger sizes, higher zeta potentials, and better physical stability after
storage at 4 Æ 2
C and 25 Æ 2
C. Wang et al. [223] prepared folate–PEG-coated
polymeric liposomes formed from octadecyl-quaternized lysine-modified chitosan
and cholesterol. They demonstrated that the folate–PEG-coated polymeric
liposomes could be a useful drug delivery system.
Functional nanomaterials are a powerful tool for bottom-up techniques in addition to the simplicity of large-scale preparation and the low manufacturing cost.
Within a short time span, nanomaterials will be used in multiple examples of
electronic, sensor, optical, and other devices. One of the great benefits of selforganized systems is that they can easily traverse different scales and be integrated
with microscale devices. From that point of view, the chitosan-based functional
nanomaterials will find more opportunities and success.
Functionalized Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Functional Nanomaterials
39