confers the necessary characteristics for the treatment of CNS pathologies to these
drug carriers.
This section emphasizes recent research on different aspects of chitosan-based
functional nanomaterials, including applications of chitosan-based functional metal
nanoparticles (gold, iron oxide, and silica), carbon-based nanomaterials (CNTs,
graphene and fullerene), quantum dots, and liposomes for tissue engineering,
wound dressing, drug delivery, cancer diagnosis, and some industrial applications.
Multifunctional nanocarriers based on chitosan/gold nanorod (chitosan–AuNR)
hybrid nanospheres have been successfully synthesized [205]. The anticancer drug
cisplatin was subsequently loaded into the obtained hybrid nanospheres, utilizing
the loading space provided by the chitosan spherical matrix. In vitro cell
experiments demonstrated that the chitosan–AuNR hybrid nanospheres can be
utilized not only as contrast agents for real-time cell imaging but also as a nearinfrared thermotherapy nanodevice to achieve irradiation-induced cancer cell death
owing to the unique optical properties endowed by the encapsulated gold nanorods.
An amperometric glucose biosensor was synthesized by co-deposition of glucose
oxidase with chitosan–gold nanoparticles (chitosan–AuNP) on glassy carbon
electrodes modified with gold-Prussian blue nanoparticles [206]. By reducing
HAuCl 4 with the chemiluminescent reagent luminol in the presence of hydrophilic
polymer chitosan, three-dimensional (3D) flowerlike gold nanostructures were
synthesized via a convenient one-pot method [207]. Due to their shape-dependent
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties and specific surface structures, these
gold nanostructures might also have great potential for applications in biomedicine
and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Hortiguela et al. [208] reported a simple
synthetic route to induce chitosan gelation by the in situ formation of AuNPs and its
application in the processing of macroporous scaffolds. A novel glucose biosensor
based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in thin films of chitosan containing
nanocomposites of graphene and AuNPs at a gold electrode was developed [209].
The graphene/AuNs/glucose oxidase /chitosan composite film shows a prominent
electrochemical response to glucose, which makes it a promising application for
electrochemical detection of glucose. Gee et al. [210] reported synthesis of novel
fluorescent chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles and their use in high-efficiency
cellular imaging. They evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of labeling cancer
cells (SMMC-7721) with these nanoparticles. Liu et al. [211] synthesized magnetic
chitosan nanocomposites on the basis of amine-functionalized magnetite
nanoparticles for the application of heavy metal ion removal from water. A tyrosinase biosensor based on a Fe 3 O 4 -chitosan nanocomposite has been developed for
the amperometric detection of dopamine by the biocatalytically liberated
dopaquinone at À0.25 V versus a saturated calomel electrode [212]. Kaushika
et al. [213] reported urease and glutamate dehydrogenase co-immobilized onto a
SPION–chitosan-based nanobiocomposite film deposited onto an indium-tin oxide
(ITO)-coated glass plate via physical adsorption, and its use for urea detection. Liu
et al. [214] synthesized nanosized silica particles with sulfonic acid groups as a
crosslinker for chitosan to form chitosan–silica complex membranes, which were
applied to pervaporation dehydration of ethanol–water solutions.
38
P. Dutta et al.
drug carriers.
This section emphasizes recent research on different aspects of chitosan-based
functional nanomaterials, including applications of chitosan-based functional metal
nanoparticles (gold, iron oxide, and silica), carbon-based nanomaterials (CNTs,
graphene and fullerene), quantum dots, and liposomes for tissue engineering,
wound dressing, drug delivery, cancer diagnosis, and some industrial applications.
Multifunctional nanocarriers based on chitosan/gold nanorod (chitosan–AuNR)
hybrid nanospheres have been successfully synthesized [205]. The anticancer drug
cisplatin was subsequently loaded into the obtained hybrid nanospheres, utilizing
the loading space provided by the chitosan spherical matrix. In vitro cell
experiments demonstrated that the chitosan–AuNR hybrid nanospheres can be
utilized not only as contrast agents for real-time cell imaging but also as a nearinfrared thermotherapy nanodevice to achieve irradiation-induced cancer cell death
owing to the unique optical properties endowed by the encapsulated gold nanorods.
An amperometric glucose biosensor was synthesized by co-deposition of glucose
oxidase with chitosan–gold nanoparticles (chitosan–AuNP) on glassy carbon
electrodes modified with gold-Prussian blue nanoparticles [206]. By reducing
HAuCl 4 with the chemiluminescent reagent luminol in the presence of hydrophilic
polymer chitosan, three-dimensional (3D) flowerlike gold nanostructures were
synthesized via a convenient one-pot method [207]. Due to their shape-dependent
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties and specific surface structures, these
gold nanostructures might also have great potential for applications in biomedicine
and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Hortiguela et al. [208] reported a simple
synthetic route to induce chitosan gelation by the in situ formation of AuNPs and its
application in the processing of macroporous scaffolds. A novel glucose biosensor
based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in thin films of chitosan containing
nanocomposites of graphene and AuNPs at a gold electrode was developed [209].
The graphene/AuNs/glucose oxidase /chitosan composite film shows a prominent
electrochemical response to glucose, which makes it a promising application for
electrochemical detection of glucose. Gee et al. [210] reported synthesis of novel
fluorescent chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles and their use in high-efficiency
cellular imaging. They evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of labeling cancer
cells (SMMC-7721) with these nanoparticles. Liu et al. [211] synthesized magnetic
chitosan nanocomposites on the basis of amine-functionalized magnetite
nanoparticles for the application of heavy metal ion removal from water. A tyrosinase biosensor based on a Fe 3 O 4 -chitosan nanocomposite has been developed for
the amperometric detection of dopamine by the biocatalytically liberated
dopaquinone at À0.25 V versus a saturated calomel electrode [212]. Kaushika
et al. [213] reported urease and glutamate dehydrogenase co-immobilized onto a
SPION–chitosan-based nanobiocomposite film deposited onto an indium-tin oxide
(ITO)-coated glass plate via physical adsorption, and its use for urea detection. Liu
et al. [214] synthesized nanosized silica particles with sulfonic acid groups as a
crosslinker for chitosan to form chitosan–silica complex membranes, which were
applied to pervaporation dehydration of ethanol–water solutions.
38
P. Dutta et al.