transfection. In contrast to polyethyleneimine complexes, cationized gelatin
nanoparticles showed almost no significant cytotoxic effects.
7 Conclusions
The progression of micro- and nanoparticle research approaches has remained
noticeable for the low amount of contaminated and poisonous components, generalization of the technique to permit financial scale-up, and optimization to expand
yield and set-up efficiency. Well-organized drug frame-up and conversion to larger
scales are of greatest importance to manufacturing applicability. Micro- and
nanoparticles are basically established from a diversity of resources, e.g. synthetic
polymers, proteins and polysaccharides. Natural polymeric materials are beneficial
in comparison to man-made polymers because they are biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic. With abundant groundwork, approaches for manufacturing
particles and significant industrial developments have been accomplished.
Depending on the physico-chemical characteristics of a drug, superlative
techniques for preparing the polymer to accomplish a well-organized entrapment
of the drug have also become an easy task. The selected scheme can curtail the loss
of medicine or control its pharmacological movement.
References
1. Muzzarelli RAA (ed) (1977) Chitin. Oxford, Pergamon, p 307
2. Stevens WF (2001) Production of chitin and chitosan: refinement and sustainability of
chemical and biological processing. In: Uragami et al (eds) Chitin and chitosan: chitin and
chitosan in life science. Kodansha Scientific, Tokyo, pp 293–300
3. Joensen O, Villadsen A (1994) Ecological sustainable production of chitin and chitosan. In:
Karnicki ZS, Brzeski MM, Bykowski PJ, Wojtasz-Pajak A (eds) Chitin world.
Wirtschaftsverlag, Bremerhaven, pp 38–47
4. Roberts AFG (1992) Chitin chemistry. Macmillan, London, pp 85–102
5. Ogawa K (1991) Effect of heating an aqueous suspension of chitosan on the crystallinity and
polymorphs. Agric Biol Chem 55:2375–2377
6. Mucha M (1997) Rheological characteristics of semi-dilute chitosan solutions. Macromol
Chem Phys 198:471
7. Suh JKF, Matthew HWT (2000) Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in
cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 21:2589–2598
8. Arai K, Kinumaki T, Fujita T (1968) Toxicity of chitosan. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Lab 43:89–94
9. Chandy T, Sharma CP (1990) Chitosan – as a biomaterial. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs
18:1–24
10. Bajpai SK, Sharma S (2004) React Funct Polym 59:129–140
11. Park K, Sharaby WSW, Park H (1993) Biodegradable hydrogels for drug delivery. Technomic
Publishing, Lancaster, pp 99–140
12. Smidsrod O (1974) Chem Soc 57:263–270
13. Sartori C, Finch DS, Ralph AB (1996) Determination of the cation content of alginate thin
films by FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer 38:43–51
Biopolymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and. . .
293
nanoparticles showed almost no significant cytotoxic effects.
7 Conclusions
The progression of micro- and nanoparticle research approaches has remained
noticeable for the low amount of contaminated and poisonous components, generalization of the technique to permit financial scale-up, and optimization to expand
yield and set-up efficiency. Well-organized drug frame-up and conversion to larger
scales are of greatest importance to manufacturing applicability. Micro- and
nanoparticles are basically established from a diversity of resources, e.g. synthetic
polymers, proteins and polysaccharides. Natural polymeric materials are beneficial
in comparison to man-made polymers because they are biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic. With abundant groundwork, approaches for manufacturing
particles and significant industrial developments have been accomplished.
Depending on the physico-chemical characteristics of a drug, superlative
techniques for preparing the polymer to accomplish a well-organized entrapment
of the drug have also become an easy task. The selected scheme can curtail the loss
of medicine or control its pharmacological movement.
References
1. Muzzarelli RAA (ed) (1977) Chitin. Oxford, Pergamon, p 307
2. Stevens WF (2001) Production of chitin and chitosan: refinement and sustainability of
chemical and biological processing. In: Uragami et al (eds) Chitin and chitosan: chitin and
chitosan in life science. Kodansha Scientific, Tokyo, pp 293–300
3. Joensen O, Villadsen A (1994) Ecological sustainable production of chitin and chitosan. In:
Karnicki ZS, Brzeski MM, Bykowski PJ, Wojtasz-Pajak A (eds) Chitin world.
Wirtschaftsverlag, Bremerhaven, pp 38–47
4. Roberts AFG (1992) Chitin chemistry. Macmillan, London, pp 85–102
5. Ogawa K (1991) Effect of heating an aqueous suspension of chitosan on the crystallinity and
polymorphs. Agric Biol Chem 55:2375–2377
6. Mucha M (1997) Rheological characteristics of semi-dilute chitosan solutions. Macromol
Chem Phys 198:471
7. Suh JKF, Matthew HWT (2000) Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in
cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Biomaterials 21:2589–2598
8. Arai K, Kinumaki T, Fujita T (1968) Toxicity of chitosan. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Lab 43:89–94
9. Chandy T, Sharma CP (1990) Chitosan – as a biomaterial. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs
18:1–24
10. Bajpai SK, Sharma S (2004) React Funct Polym 59:129–140
11. Park K, Sharaby WSW, Park H (1993) Biodegradable hydrogels for drug delivery. Technomic
Publishing, Lancaster, pp 99–140
12. Smidsrod O (1974) Chem Soc 57:263–270
13. Sartori C, Finch DS, Ralph AB (1996) Determination of the cation content of alginate thin
films by FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer 38:43–51
Biopolymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and. . .
293