Considering the advancements in nanotechnology and tissue engineering in recent
years, there is a bright chance in the near future to formulate nanocomposite-based
bone grafting methods to replace autogenic bone grafts.
References
1. Einhorn TA, Lee CA (2001) Bone regeneration: new findings and potential clinical
applications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 9:157–165
2. Wagh A (2004) Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics: twenty-first century materials with
diverse applications. Elsevier Science, New York
3. Blokhuis TJ, Lindner T (2008) Allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins: an overview.
Injury 39:S33–S36
4. Bostrom MP, Seigerman DA (2005) The clinical use of allografts, demineralized bone
matrices, synthetic bone graft substitutes and osteoinductive growth factors: a survey study.
HSS J 1(1):9–18
5. Eagan MJ, McAllister DR (2009) Biology of allograft incorporation. Clin Sports Med 28
(2):203
6. Goldberg VM, Stevenson S (1994) Bone-graft options – fact and fancy. Orthopedics 17
(9):809
7. Giannoudis P, Dinopoulos H, Tsiridis E (2005) Bone substitutes: an update. Injury 36:20–27
8. Wang M (2003) Developing bioactive composite materials for tissue replacement.
Biomaterials 24:2133–2151
9. Martin RB (1999) Bone as a ceramic composite material. Mater Sci Forum 293:5–16
10. Nunes CR, Simske SJ, Sachdeva R, Wolford LM (1997) Long-term ingrowth and apposition
of porous hydroxylapatite implants. J Biomed Mater Res 36(4):560–563
11. Yoshikawa H, Myoui A (2005) Bone tissue engineering with porous hydroxyapatite
ceramics. J Artif Organs 8(3):131–136
12. Monroe EA, Votava W, Bass DB, Mullen JM (1971) New calcium phosphate ceramic
material for bone and tooth implants. J Dent Res 50(4):860–861
13. Tamai N, Myoui A, Tomita T, Nakase T, Tanaka J, Ochi T, Yoshikawa H (2002) Novel
hydroxyapatite ceramics with an interconnective porous structure exhibit superior
osteoconduction in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res 59(1):110–117
14. Levitt SR, Crayton PH, Monroe EA, Condrate RA (1969) Forming method for apatite
prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res 3(4):683–684
15. Steele DG, Bramblett CA (1998) The anatomy and biology of the human skeleton. Texas
A&M University Press, TX, p 4
16. Kaplan FS, Hayes WC, Keaveny TM, Boskey A, Einhorn TA, Iannotti J (1994) Form and
function of bone. In: Simon SR (ed) Orthopaedic basic science. American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons, Columbus, OH, pp 127–185
17. Gehron Robey P, Bianco P, Termine JD (1992) The cellular and biology and molecular
biochemistry of bone formation. In: Favus MJ, Coe FL (eds) Disorders of bone and mineral
metabolism. Raven, New York
18. Lian JB, Stein GS, Canalis E, Gehron Robey P, Boskey AL (1999) Bone formation: osteoblast lineage cells, growth factors, matrix proteins, and the mineralization process. In: Favus
MJ (ed) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 14–29
19. Webster TJ (2001) Nanophase ceramics: the future orthopedic and dental implant material.
In: Ying JY (ed) Advances in chemical engineering, Nanostructured materials, vol 27.
Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 126–160
Hydroxyapatite-Packed Chitosan-PMMA Nanocomposite: A Promising Material for. . .
161
years, there is a bright chance in the near future to formulate nanocomposite-based
bone grafting methods to replace autogenic bone grafts.
References
1. Einhorn TA, Lee CA (2001) Bone regeneration: new findings and potential clinical
applications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 9:157–165
2. Wagh A (2004) Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics: twenty-first century materials with
diverse applications. Elsevier Science, New York
3. Blokhuis TJ, Lindner T (2008) Allograft and bone morphogenetic proteins: an overview.
Injury 39:S33–S36
4. Bostrom MP, Seigerman DA (2005) The clinical use of allografts, demineralized bone
matrices, synthetic bone graft substitutes and osteoinductive growth factors: a survey study.
HSS J 1(1):9–18
5. Eagan MJ, McAllister DR (2009) Biology of allograft incorporation. Clin Sports Med 28
(2):203
6. Goldberg VM, Stevenson S (1994) Bone-graft options – fact and fancy. Orthopedics 17
(9):809
7. Giannoudis P, Dinopoulos H, Tsiridis E (2005) Bone substitutes: an update. Injury 36:20–27
8. Wang M (2003) Developing bioactive composite materials for tissue replacement.
Biomaterials 24:2133–2151
9. Martin RB (1999) Bone as a ceramic composite material. Mater Sci Forum 293:5–16
10. Nunes CR, Simske SJ, Sachdeva R, Wolford LM (1997) Long-term ingrowth and apposition
of porous hydroxylapatite implants. J Biomed Mater Res 36(4):560–563
11. Yoshikawa H, Myoui A (2005) Bone tissue engineering with porous hydroxyapatite
ceramics. J Artif Organs 8(3):131–136
12. Monroe EA, Votava W, Bass DB, Mullen JM (1971) New calcium phosphate ceramic
material for bone and tooth implants. J Dent Res 50(4):860–861
13. Tamai N, Myoui A, Tomita T, Nakase T, Tanaka J, Ochi T, Yoshikawa H (2002) Novel
hydroxyapatite ceramics with an interconnective porous structure exhibit superior
osteoconduction in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res 59(1):110–117
14. Levitt SR, Crayton PH, Monroe EA, Condrate RA (1969) Forming method for apatite
prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res 3(4):683–684
15. Steele DG, Bramblett CA (1998) The anatomy and biology of the human skeleton. Texas
A&M University Press, TX, p 4
16. Kaplan FS, Hayes WC, Keaveny TM, Boskey A, Einhorn TA, Iannotti J (1994) Form and
function of bone. In: Simon SR (ed) Orthopaedic basic science. American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons, Columbus, OH, pp 127–185
17. Gehron Robey P, Bianco P, Termine JD (1992) The cellular and biology and molecular
biochemistry of bone formation. In: Favus MJ, Coe FL (eds) Disorders of bone and mineral
metabolism. Raven, New York
18. Lian JB, Stein GS, Canalis E, Gehron Robey P, Boskey AL (1999) Bone formation: osteoblast lineage cells, growth factors, matrix proteins, and the mineralization process. In: Favus
MJ (ed) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp 14–29
19. Webster TJ (2001) Nanophase ceramics: the future orthopedic and dental implant material.
In: Ying JY (ed) Advances in chemical engineering, Nanostructured materials, vol 27.
Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 126–160
Hydroxyapatite-Packed Chitosan-PMMA Nanocomposite: A Promising Material for. . .
161