happened to it. I look forward to the advances of the coming decade, and I am
optimistic about the work that will be produced in the seventh decade since both
Staudinger’s recognition and the Watson–Crick proposal.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by grant GM-29554 from NIGMS; grants
CTS-0608889 and CCF-0726378 from the NSF; grant W911FF-08-C-0057 from ARO, via
Pegasus Corporation; MURI W911NF-07-1-0439 from ARO; grants N000140910181 and
N000140911118 from ONR; and DE-SC0007991 from DOE. I also wish to acknowledge the
support of the National Science Foundation Academic Research Infrastructure program through
Award No. CMMI-0957834.
References
1. Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids – a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171:737–738
2. Seeman NC (1982) Nucleic acid junctions and lattices. J Theor Biol 99:237–247
3. Cohen SN, Chang ACY, Boyer HW, Helling RB (1973) Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3340–3344
4. Qiu H, Dewan JD, Seeman NC (1997) A DNA decamer with a sticky end: the crystal structure
of d-CGACGATCGT. J Mol Biol 267:881–898
5. Wang X, Seeman NC (2007) The assembly and characterization of 8-arm and 12-arm DNA
branched junctions. J Am Chem Soc 129:8169–8176
6. Chen J, Seeman NC (1991) The synthesis from DNA of a molecule with the connectivity of a
cube. Nature 350:631–633
7. Zhang Y, Seeman NC (1994) The construction of a DNA truncated octahedron. J Am Chem
Soc 116:1661–1669
8. Seeman NC (2001) DNA nicks and nodes and nanotechnology. Nano Lett 1:22–26
9. Li X, Yang X, Qi J, Seeman NC (1996) Antiparallel DNA double crossover molecules as
components for nanoconstruction. J Am Chem Soc 118:6131–6140
10. Winfree E, Liu F, Wenzler LA, Seeman NC (1998) Design and self-assembly of
two-dimensional DNA crystals. Nature 394:539–544
11. LaBean TH, Yan H, Kopatsch J, Liu F, Winfree E, Reif JH, Seeman NC (2000) The
construction, analysis, ligation and self-assembly of DNA triple crossover complexes. J Am
Chem Soc 122:1848–1860
12. Liu D, Wang W, Deng Z, Walulu R, Mao C (2004) Tensegrity: construction of rigid DNA
triangles with flexible four-arm junctions. J Am Chem Soc 126:2324–2325
13. Zheng J, Birktoft JJ, Chen Y, Wang T, Sha R, Constantinou PE, Ginell SL, Mao C, Seeman NC
(2009) From molecular to macroscopic via the rational design of a self-assembled 3D DNA
crystal. Nature 461:74–77
14. Yurke B, Turberfield AJ, Mills AP Jr, Simmel FC, Newmann JL (2000) A DNA-fuelled
molecular machine made of DNA. Nature 406:605–608
15. Yan H, Zhang X, Shen Z, Seeman NC (2002) A robust DNA mechanical device controlled by
hybridization topology. Nature 415:62–65
16. Gu H, Chao J, Xiao SJ, Seeman NC (2010) A proximity-based programmable DNA nanoscale
assembly line. Nature 465:202–205
17. Rothemund PWK (2006) Scaffolded DNA origami for nanoscale shapes and patterns. Nature
440:297–302
228
N.C. Seeman
optimistic about the work that will be produced in the seventh decade since both
Staudinger’s recognition and the Watson–Crick proposal.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by grant GM-29554 from NIGMS; grants
CTS-0608889 and CCF-0726378 from the NSF; grant W911FF-08-C-0057 from ARO, via
Pegasus Corporation; MURI W911NF-07-1-0439 from ARO; grants N000140910181 and
N000140911118 from ONR; and DE-SC0007991 from DOE. I also wish to acknowledge the
support of the National Science Foundation Academic Research Infrastructure program through
Award No. CMMI-0957834.
References
1. Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids – a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171:737–738
2. Seeman NC (1982) Nucleic acid junctions and lattices. J Theor Biol 99:237–247
3. Cohen SN, Chang ACY, Boyer HW, Helling RB (1973) Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:3340–3344
4. Qiu H, Dewan JD, Seeman NC (1997) A DNA decamer with a sticky end: the crystal structure
of d-CGACGATCGT. J Mol Biol 267:881–898
5. Wang X, Seeman NC (2007) The assembly and characterization of 8-arm and 12-arm DNA
branched junctions. J Am Chem Soc 129:8169–8176
6. Chen J, Seeman NC (1991) The synthesis from DNA of a molecule with the connectivity of a
cube. Nature 350:631–633
7. Zhang Y, Seeman NC (1994) The construction of a DNA truncated octahedron. J Am Chem
Soc 116:1661–1669
8. Seeman NC (2001) DNA nicks and nodes and nanotechnology. Nano Lett 1:22–26
9. Li X, Yang X, Qi J, Seeman NC (1996) Antiparallel DNA double crossover molecules as
components for nanoconstruction. J Am Chem Soc 118:6131–6140
10. Winfree E, Liu F, Wenzler LA, Seeman NC (1998) Design and self-assembly of
two-dimensional DNA crystals. Nature 394:539–544
11. LaBean TH, Yan H, Kopatsch J, Liu F, Winfree E, Reif JH, Seeman NC (2000) The
construction, analysis, ligation and self-assembly of DNA triple crossover complexes. J Am
Chem Soc 122:1848–1860
12. Liu D, Wang W, Deng Z, Walulu R, Mao C (2004) Tensegrity: construction of rigid DNA
triangles with flexible four-arm junctions. J Am Chem Soc 126:2324–2325
13. Zheng J, Birktoft JJ, Chen Y, Wang T, Sha R, Constantinou PE, Ginell SL, Mao C, Seeman NC
(2009) From molecular to macroscopic via the rational design of a self-assembled 3D DNA
crystal. Nature 461:74–77
14. Yurke B, Turberfield AJ, Mills AP Jr, Simmel FC, Newmann JL (2000) A DNA-fuelled
molecular machine made of DNA. Nature 406:605–608
15. Yan H, Zhang X, Shen Z, Seeman NC (2002) A robust DNA mechanical device controlled by
hybridization topology. Nature 415:62–65
16. Gu H, Chao J, Xiao SJ, Seeman NC (2010) A proximity-based programmable DNA nanoscale
assembly line. Nature 465:202–205
17. Rothemund PWK (2006) Scaffolded DNA origami for nanoscale shapes and patterns. Nature
440:297–302
228
N.C. Seeman