24
G. Jha et al.
Table 5 An account of the
carbon footprint from the
aluminum production
Process
CO 2 (kg/tonne) Global warming potential
(kg CO 2 e/t)
Mining
22.9
23.5
Alumina refining
4682.4
4772.7
Anode production
506.6
512.1
Smelting
12,150.0
15497.5
Ingot casting
821.5
755.8
Inventory generation: The datasets are comprising of the emission data from individual processes from the mining to the final casting. A sample of the data is presented
below in Table 5 [50].
Impact assessment: Carbon footprint is the largest for the alumina smelting among
the subbing processes, followed by electrolytic refining of alumina. These carbon
footprints are being contributed likewise from other processes. The main emitted
greenhouse gases during the processes are CO 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , HFCs, PFCs, and SF 6 .
The emissions generated during alumina production accounts for 1% of the global
carbon footprint. This may not look a huge amount when looking for the percentage
but the reduction of a part of it will account for a significant reduction in the load
being oppressed by the aluminum production.
Interpretation and recommendation: With the current industrial practice, the footprint is going to be enlarged with growing demands, which is clearly visible. Also, it
is very difficult to reduce the requirements, then the only solution that is a mandate
is the process/industrial sustainability. This will be done by approaches such as
integrating emission collection, alternate methods for cleaner production, recycling,
carbon trading, and other feasible technological methods. The assessment is prominent when the global industries are looking for a transition from the conventionalism
to industry 4.0, mining 4.0, the industry of the future, sustainability toward technical,
environmental, and economic goals.
8.4 Carbon Footprint from the Building and Construction
Sector [44, 45]
Sustainable development has become a prominent concern for industries. Not only
this but also the sustainable approaches such as green economy, sustainable planning,
and management are gaining importance. Construction is one of the major sectors,
which is directly interlinked to the infrastructural growth of any country. It is also one
of the most dynamically growing industries. The construction growth is increasing
with a growth rate of 5.2% per year with a total of 67% until 2020. China, USA, India,
Japan, and Canada are the countries that are strongly contributing to this growth. In
general, these five countries represent 50% of the total construction being carried out,
G. Jha et al.
Table 5 An account of the
carbon footprint from the
aluminum production
Process
CO 2 (kg/tonne) Global warming potential
(kg CO 2 e/t)
Mining
22.9
23.5
Alumina refining
4682.4
4772.7
Anode production
506.6
512.1
Smelting
12,150.0
15497.5
Ingot casting
821.5
755.8
Inventory generation: The datasets are comprising of the emission data from individual processes from the mining to the final casting. A sample of the data is presented
below in Table 5 [50].
Impact assessment: Carbon footprint is the largest for the alumina smelting among
the subbing processes, followed by electrolytic refining of alumina. These carbon
footprints are being contributed likewise from other processes. The main emitted
greenhouse gases during the processes are CO 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , HFCs, PFCs, and SF 6 .
The emissions generated during alumina production accounts for 1% of the global
carbon footprint. This may not look a huge amount when looking for the percentage
but the reduction of a part of it will account for a significant reduction in the load
being oppressed by the aluminum production.
Interpretation and recommendation: With the current industrial practice, the footprint is going to be enlarged with growing demands, which is clearly visible. Also, it
is very difficult to reduce the requirements, then the only solution that is a mandate
is the process/industrial sustainability. This will be done by approaches such as
integrating emission collection, alternate methods for cleaner production, recycling,
carbon trading, and other feasible technological methods. The assessment is prominent when the global industries are looking for a transition from the conventionalism
to industry 4.0, mining 4.0, the industry of the future, sustainability toward technical,
environmental, and economic goals.
8.4 Carbon Footprint from the Building and Construction
Sector [44, 45]
Sustainable development has become a prominent concern for industries. Not only
this but also the sustainable approaches such as green economy, sustainable planning,
and management are gaining importance. Construction is one of the major sectors,
which is directly interlinked to the infrastructural growth of any country. It is also one
of the most dynamically growing industries. The construction growth is increasing
with a growth rate of 5.2% per year with a total of 67% until 2020. China, USA, India,
Japan, and Canada are the countries that are strongly contributing to this growth. In
general, these five countries represent 50% of the total construction being carried out,