29. Navarro R, Wada S, Tatsumi K (2005) Heavy metal precipitation by polycation–polyanion
complex of PEI and its phosphonomethylated derivative. J Hazard Mater B 123:203
30. Gohlke U (2000) Separation of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. German Patent
DE19829827
31. Lemanowicz M, Jach Z, Kilian E (2011) Dual-polymer flocculation with unmodified and
ultrasonically conditioned flocculant. Chem Eng J 168:159
32. Haack V, Heinze T, Oelmeyer G (2002) Starch derivatives of high degree of functionalization,
8 – synthesis and flocculation behaviour of cationic starch polyelectrolytes. Macromol Mater
Eng 287:495
33. Li J, Modak PR, Xiao HN (2006) Novel flocculation system based on 21-arm cationic star
polymer. Colloids Surf A 289:172
34. Lee CH, Liu JC (2001) Sludge dewaterability and floc structure in dual polymer conditioning.
Adv Environ Res 5:129
35. Lee CH, Liu JC (2000) Enhanced sludge dewaterability by dual polyelectrolytes conditioning. Water Res 34:4430
36. Yukselen MA, Gregory J, Soyer E (2006) Formation and breakage of flocs using dual
systems. Water Sci Technol 53:217
37. Wang J, Liu J, Lee DJ (2005) Dual conditioning of sludge utilizing polyampholyte. J Environ
Eng 131:1659
38. Wei JC, Gao B, Yue Q (2009) Comparison of coagulation behaviour and floc structure
characteristic of different polyferric-cationic polymer dual coagulants in humic acid solution.
Water Res 43:724
39. Petzold G, Schwarz S, Lunkwitz K (2003) Combinations of flocculants for the improvement
in the efficiency of flocculation processes. Chem Eng Technol 26:48
40. Pelton R (1999) Polymer-colloid interactions in pulp and paper manufacture. In: Farinato RS,
Dubin P (eds) Colloid-polymer interactions: from fundamentals to practice. Wiley, New York
41. Wu M, van de Veen T (2009) Flocculation and reflocculation: interplay between the adsorption behavior of the components of a dual flocculant. Colloids Surf A 341:40
42. Buchhammer HM, Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1993) The interaction between oppositely
charged polyelectrolytes in the presence of solid surfaces. Colloids Surf A 76:81
43. Oertel U, Petzold G, Buchhammer HM (1991) Introduction of surface charge into polymers
by polyelectrolyte complexes. Colloids Surf A 57:375
44. Petzold G, Schwarz S, Buchhammer HM, Lunkwitz K (1997) A very effective method for the
cationic modification of cellulose. Die Angew Makromol Chem 253:1
45. Schmidt S, Buchhammer HM, Lunkwitz K (1997) Surface modification of glass and viscose
fiber with non-stoichiometric surfactant/polyelectrolyte complexes and polyelectrolyte/polyelectrolyte complexes. Tenside Surf Det 34:267
46. Lukaszczyk J, Lekawska E, Lunkwitz K, Petzold G (2004) Sorbents for removal surfactants
from aqueous solutions. Surface modification of natural solids to enhance sorption ability.
J Polym Sci 92:1510
47. Schwarz S, Ponce-Vargas S, Licea-Claverie A, Steinbach C (2012) Chitosan and mixtures
with aqueous biocompatible temperature sensitive polymer as flocculants. Colloids Surf A
413:7–12. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.048
48. Sakohara S, Hinago R, Ueda H (2008) Compaction of TiO 2 suspension by using dual ionic
thermosensitive polymers. Sep Purif Technol 63:319
49. Sakohara S, Yagi S, Lizawa T (2011) Dewatering of inorganic sludge using dual ionic
thermosensitive polymers. Sep Purif Technol 80:148
50. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1982) The effect of pine xylan on the use of some polycations as
retention and drainage aids. Svensk Papperstidning 85:R100
51. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1985) The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes between pine
xylan and cationic polymers. Colloids Surf 13:193
52. Ko ¨tz J (1993) Phase behavior of polyanion–polycation aggregates. Nordic Pulp Paper Res J
8:11
Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Flocculation Applications
61
complex of PEI and its phosphonomethylated derivative. J Hazard Mater B 123:203
30. Gohlke U (2000) Separation of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. German Patent
DE19829827
31. Lemanowicz M, Jach Z, Kilian E (2011) Dual-polymer flocculation with unmodified and
ultrasonically conditioned flocculant. Chem Eng J 168:159
32. Haack V, Heinze T, Oelmeyer G (2002) Starch derivatives of high degree of functionalization,
8 – synthesis and flocculation behaviour of cationic starch polyelectrolytes. Macromol Mater
Eng 287:495
33. Li J, Modak PR, Xiao HN (2006) Novel flocculation system based on 21-arm cationic star
polymer. Colloids Surf A 289:172
34. Lee CH, Liu JC (2001) Sludge dewaterability and floc structure in dual polymer conditioning.
Adv Environ Res 5:129
35. Lee CH, Liu JC (2000) Enhanced sludge dewaterability by dual polyelectrolytes conditioning. Water Res 34:4430
36. Yukselen MA, Gregory J, Soyer E (2006) Formation and breakage of flocs using dual
systems. Water Sci Technol 53:217
37. Wang J, Liu J, Lee DJ (2005) Dual conditioning of sludge utilizing polyampholyte. J Environ
Eng 131:1659
38. Wei JC, Gao B, Yue Q (2009) Comparison of coagulation behaviour and floc structure
characteristic of different polyferric-cationic polymer dual coagulants in humic acid solution.
Water Res 43:724
39. Petzold G, Schwarz S, Lunkwitz K (2003) Combinations of flocculants for the improvement
in the efficiency of flocculation processes. Chem Eng Technol 26:48
40. Pelton R (1999) Polymer-colloid interactions in pulp and paper manufacture. In: Farinato RS,
Dubin P (eds) Colloid-polymer interactions: from fundamentals to practice. Wiley, New York
41. Wu M, van de Veen T (2009) Flocculation and reflocculation: interplay between the adsorption behavior of the components of a dual flocculant. Colloids Surf A 341:40
42. Buchhammer HM, Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1993) The interaction between oppositely
charged polyelectrolytes in the presence of solid surfaces. Colloids Surf A 76:81
43. Oertel U, Petzold G, Buchhammer HM (1991) Introduction of surface charge into polymers
by polyelectrolyte complexes. Colloids Surf A 57:375
44. Petzold G, Schwarz S, Buchhammer HM, Lunkwitz K (1997) A very effective method for the
cationic modification of cellulose. Die Angew Makromol Chem 253:1
45. Schmidt S, Buchhammer HM, Lunkwitz K (1997) Surface modification of glass and viscose
fiber with non-stoichiometric surfactant/polyelectrolyte complexes and polyelectrolyte/polyelectrolyte complexes. Tenside Surf Det 34:267
46. Lukaszczyk J, Lekawska E, Lunkwitz K, Petzold G (2004) Sorbents for removal surfactants
from aqueous solutions. Surface modification of natural solids to enhance sorption ability.
J Polym Sci 92:1510
47. Schwarz S, Ponce-Vargas S, Licea-Claverie A, Steinbach C (2012) Chitosan and mixtures
with aqueous biocompatible temperature sensitive polymer as flocculants. Colloids Surf A
413:7–12. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.048
48. Sakohara S, Hinago R, Ueda H (2008) Compaction of TiO 2 suspension by using dual ionic
thermosensitive polymers. Sep Purif Technol 63:319
49. Sakohara S, Yagi S, Lizawa T (2011) Dewatering of inorganic sludge using dual ionic
thermosensitive polymers. Sep Purif Technol 80:148
50. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1982) The effect of pine xylan on the use of some polycations as
retention and drainage aids. Svensk Papperstidning 85:R100
51. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1985) The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes between pine
xylan and cationic polymers. Colloids Surf 13:193
52. Ko ¨tz J (1993) Phase behavior of polyanion–polycation aggregates. Nordic Pulp Paper Res J
8:11
Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Flocculation Applications
61