41. Li P, Pelton R (1992) Wood pulp washing. 2. Displacement washing of aqueous lignin from
model beds with cationic polymer solutions. Colloids Surf 64:223–234
42. Stro ¨m G (1984) For better or for worse: polyelectrolyte complexes in the stock. Svensk
Papperstid 87:14–16, 19–20
43. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1979) The formation of lignin sulphonate-polyethyleneimine
complexes and its influence on pulp drainage. Svensk Papperstid 82:408–413
44. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1982) The effect on pine xylan on the use of some polycations as
retention and drainage aids. Svensk Papperstid 85:R100–R106
45. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1985) The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes between pine
xylan and cationic polymers. Colloids Surf 13:193–207
46. Stro ¨m G, Stenius P (1981) Formation of complexes, colloids and precipitates in aqueous
mixtures of lignin sulfonate and some cationic polymers. Colloids Surf 2:357–371
47. O ¨ dberg L, Stro ¨m G (1983) ESCA studies of retention and dewatering aids. The adsorption of
polymin SN and polymin SN-lignosulfonate complexes on cellulose. Svensk Papperstid
86:R141–R145
48. Rojas OJ, Neuman RD (1999) Adsorption of polysaccharide wet-end additives in papermaking
systems. Colloids Surf A 155:419–432
49. Vanerek A, van de Ven TGM (2006) Coacervate complex formation between cationic polyacrylamide and anionic sulfonated kraft lignin. Colloids Surf A 273:55–62
50. Ankerfors C, Ondaral S, Wa ˚gberg L et al (2010) Using jet mixing to prepare polyelectrolyte
complexes: complex properties and their interaction with silicon oxide surfaces. J Colloid
Interface Sci 351:88–95
51. Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK (2003) Mechanism for rapid self-assembly of block copolymer
nanoparticles. Phys Rev Lett 91:118302
52. Petzold G, Schwartz S (2013) Polyelectrolyte complexes in flocculation applications.
Adv Polym Sci. doi:10.1007/12_2012_205
53. Ga ¨rdlund L, Forsstro ¨m J, Andreasson B et al (2005) Influence of polyelectrolyte complexes on
the strength properties of papers from unbleached kraft pulps with different yields. Nord Pulp
Pap Res J 20:36–42
54. Ga ¨rdlund L, Norgren M, Wa ˚gberg L et al (2007) The use of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs)
as strength additives for different pulps used for production of fine paper. Nord Pulp Pap Res J
22:210–216
55. Espy HH (1995) The mechanism of wet-strength development in paper: a review. Tappi J
78:90–99
56. Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK (2003) Chemical processing and micromixing in confined
impinging jets. AIChE J 49:2264–2282
57. Eriksson M, Notley SM, Wa ˚gberg L (2005) The influence on paper strength properties when
building multilayers of weak polyelectrolytes onto wood fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci
292:38–45
58. Lingstro ¨m R, Wa ˚gberg L (2008) Polyelectrolyte multilayers on wood fibers: influence of
molecular weight on layer properties and mechanical properties of papers from treated fibers.
J Colloid Interface Sci 328:233–242
59. Ankerfors C, Lingstro ¨m R, Wa ˚gberg L et al (2009) A comparison of polyelectrolyte complexes
and multilayers: their adsorption behaviour and use for enhancing tensile strength of paper.
Nord Pulp Pap Res J 24:77–86
60. Feng X, Pouw K, Leung V et al (2007) Adhesion of colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes to wet
cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8:2161–2166
61. Feng X, Pelton R, Leduc M (2006) Mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte complex films
based on polyvinylamine and carboxymethyl cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:6665–6671
62. Xiao L, Salmi J, Laine J et al (2009) The effects of polyelectrolyte complexes on dewatering of
cellulose suspension. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 24:148–157
63. Arzt E, Gorb S, Spolenak R (2003) From micro to nano contacts in biological attachment
devices. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10603–10606
Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Tailoring of Wood Fibre Surfaces
23
model beds with cationic polymer solutions. Colloids Surf 64:223–234
42. Stro ¨m G (1984) For better or for worse: polyelectrolyte complexes in the stock. Svensk
Papperstid 87:14–16, 19–20
43. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1979) The formation of lignin sulphonate-polyethyleneimine
complexes and its influence on pulp drainage. Svensk Papperstid 82:408–413
44. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1982) The effect on pine xylan on the use of some polycations as
retention and drainage aids. Svensk Papperstid 85:R100–R106
45. Stro ¨m G, Barla P, Stenius P (1985) The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes between pine
xylan and cationic polymers. Colloids Surf 13:193–207
46. Stro ¨m G, Stenius P (1981) Formation of complexes, colloids and precipitates in aqueous
mixtures of lignin sulfonate and some cationic polymers. Colloids Surf 2:357–371
47. O ¨ dberg L, Stro ¨m G (1983) ESCA studies of retention and dewatering aids. The adsorption of
polymin SN and polymin SN-lignosulfonate complexes on cellulose. Svensk Papperstid
86:R141–R145
48. Rojas OJ, Neuman RD (1999) Adsorption of polysaccharide wet-end additives in papermaking
systems. Colloids Surf A 155:419–432
49. Vanerek A, van de Ven TGM (2006) Coacervate complex formation between cationic polyacrylamide and anionic sulfonated kraft lignin. Colloids Surf A 273:55–62
50. Ankerfors C, Ondaral S, Wa ˚gberg L et al (2010) Using jet mixing to prepare polyelectrolyte
complexes: complex properties and their interaction with silicon oxide surfaces. J Colloid
Interface Sci 351:88–95
51. Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK (2003) Mechanism for rapid self-assembly of block copolymer
nanoparticles. Phys Rev Lett 91:118302
52. Petzold G, Schwartz S (2013) Polyelectrolyte complexes in flocculation applications.
Adv Polym Sci. doi:10.1007/12_2012_205
53. Ga ¨rdlund L, Forsstro ¨m J, Andreasson B et al (2005) Influence of polyelectrolyte complexes on
the strength properties of papers from unbleached kraft pulps with different yields. Nord Pulp
Pap Res J 20:36–42
54. Ga ¨rdlund L, Norgren M, Wa ˚gberg L et al (2007) The use of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs)
as strength additives for different pulps used for production of fine paper. Nord Pulp Pap Res J
22:210–216
55. Espy HH (1995) The mechanism of wet-strength development in paper: a review. Tappi J
78:90–99
56. Johnson BK, Prud’homme RK (2003) Chemical processing and micromixing in confined
impinging jets. AIChE J 49:2264–2282
57. Eriksson M, Notley SM, Wa ˚gberg L (2005) The influence on paper strength properties when
building multilayers of weak polyelectrolytes onto wood fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci
292:38–45
58. Lingstro ¨m R, Wa ˚gberg L (2008) Polyelectrolyte multilayers on wood fibers: influence of
molecular weight on layer properties and mechanical properties of papers from treated fibers.
J Colloid Interface Sci 328:233–242
59. Ankerfors C, Lingstro ¨m R, Wa ˚gberg L et al (2009) A comparison of polyelectrolyte complexes
and multilayers: their adsorption behaviour and use for enhancing tensile strength of paper.
Nord Pulp Pap Res J 24:77–86
60. Feng X, Pouw K, Leung V et al (2007) Adhesion of colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes to wet
cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8:2161–2166
61. Feng X, Pelton R, Leduc M (2006) Mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte complex films
based on polyvinylamine and carboxymethyl cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:6665–6671
62. Xiao L, Salmi J, Laine J et al (2009) The effects of polyelectrolyte complexes on dewatering of
cellulose suspension. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 24:148–157
63. Arzt E, Gorb S, Spolenak R (2003) From micro to nano contacts in biological attachment
devices. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10603–10606
Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Tailoring of Wood Fibre Surfaces
23