From a more practical point of view, a few open questions remain before PECs
can be fully introduced as a common chemical to the pulp and paper industry. The
most important remaining technical challenge is to increase the concentration of the
produced PECs. Today, they are generally produced as dilute water suspensions
that are difficult to add directly into different processes due to the large volumes
needed for the required amount of PEC.
References
1. Davison RW (1972) Weak link in paper dry strength. Tappi 55:567–573
2. Page DH (1969) Theory for the tensile strength of paper. Tappi 52:674–681
3. Lindstro ¨m T, Wa ˚gberg L, Larsson T (2005) On the nature of joint strength in paper - A review of
dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing. In: I’Anson SJ (ed) Advances in paper
science and technology: transactions of the13th fundamental research symposium, Cambridge,
UK, Sept 2005. Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Society, Bury, UK, pp 457-562
4. Torgnysdotter A, Wa ˚gberg L (2006) Tailoring of fibre/fibre joints in order to avoid the
negative impacts of drying on paper properties. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 21:411–418
5. Decher G, Hong JD, Schmitt J (1992) Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly
process: III. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on
charged surfaces. Thin Solid Films 210/211:831–835
6. Wa ˚gberg L, Forsberg S, Johansson A et al (2002) Engineering of fibre surface properties by
application of the polyelectrolyte multilayer concept. Part I: modification of paper strength.
J Pulp Pap Sci 28:222–227
7. Page DH (1985) The mechanism of strength development of dried pulps by beating. Svensk
Papperstid 88:R30–R35
8. Ankerfors C (2012) Polyelectrolyte complexes: preparation, characterization, and use for control
of wet and dry adhesion between surfaces. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
9. Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1995) The interaction between polyelectrolyte complexes made from
poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC) and poly(maleic acid-co-αmethylstyrene) (P(MS-α-MeSty)) and cellulosic materials. Colloids Surf A 98:225–233
10. Bungenberg de Jong HG, Kryut HR (1929) Coacervation (partial miscibility in colloid
systems). Proc Acad Sci Amsterdam 32:849
11. Dautzenberg H (2001) Polyelectrolyte complex formation in highly aggregating systems:
methodical aspects and general tendencies. In: Radeva T (ed) Physical chemistry of polyelectrolytes. Dekker, New York
12. Fleer GJ, Cohen Stuart MA, Scheutjens JMHM et al (1993) Electrostatic effects: charged
surfaces and polyelectrolyte adsorption. In: Polymers at interfaces. Chapman & Hall, London
13. Norde W (2003) Colloids and interfaces in life science. Marcel Dekker, New York
14. Van de Ven TGM (1989) Colloidal hydrodynamics. Academic, San Diego
15. Shubin V, Linse P (1995) Effect of electrolytes on adsorption of cationic polyacrylamide on
silica: ellipsometric study and theoretical modeling. J Phys Chem 99:1285–1291
16. Linse P, Wennerstro ¨m H (2012) Adsorption versus aggregation. Particles and surface of the
same material. Soft Matter 8:2486–2493
17. Ondaral S, Ankerfors C, O ¨ dberg L et al (2010) Surface-induced rearrangement of polyelectrolyte complexes: influence of complex composition on adsorbed layer properties. Langmuir
26:14606–14614
18. Alince B, Kinkal J, Bednar F et al (2002) The role of “free charge” in the deposition of latex
particles onto pulp fibers. In: Daniels ES, Sudol ED, El-Aasser MS (eds) ACS Symp Ser.
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Tailoring of Wood Fibre Surfaces
21
can be fully introduced as a common chemical to the pulp and paper industry. The
most important remaining technical challenge is to increase the concentration of the
produced PECs. Today, they are generally produced as dilute water suspensions
that are difficult to add directly into different processes due to the large volumes
needed for the required amount of PEC.
References
1. Davison RW (1972) Weak link in paper dry strength. Tappi 55:567–573
2. Page DH (1969) Theory for the tensile strength of paper. Tappi 52:674–681
3. Lindstro ¨m T, Wa ˚gberg L, Larsson T (2005) On the nature of joint strength in paper - A review of
dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing. In: I’Anson SJ (ed) Advances in paper
science and technology: transactions of the13th fundamental research symposium, Cambridge,
UK, Sept 2005. Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Society, Bury, UK, pp 457-562
4. Torgnysdotter A, Wa ˚gberg L (2006) Tailoring of fibre/fibre joints in order to avoid the
negative impacts of drying on paper properties. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 21:411–418
5. Decher G, Hong JD, Schmitt J (1992) Buildup of ultrathin multilayer films by a self-assembly
process: III. Consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on
charged surfaces. Thin Solid Films 210/211:831–835
6. Wa ˚gberg L, Forsberg S, Johansson A et al (2002) Engineering of fibre surface properties by
application of the polyelectrolyte multilayer concept. Part I: modification of paper strength.
J Pulp Pap Sci 28:222–227
7. Page DH (1985) The mechanism of strength development of dried pulps by beating. Svensk
Papperstid 88:R30–R35
8. Ankerfors C (2012) Polyelectrolyte complexes: preparation, characterization, and use for control
of wet and dry adhesion between surfaces. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
9. Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1995) The interaction between polyelectrolyte complexes made from
poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC) and poly(maleic acid-co-αmethylstyrene) (P(MS-α-MeSty)) and cellulosic materials. Colloids Surf A 98:225–233
10. Bungenberg de Jong HG, Kryut HR (1929) Coacervation (partial miscibility in colloid
systems). Proc Acad Sci Amsterdam 32:849
11. Dautzenberg H (2001) Polyelectrolyte complex formation in highly aggregating systems:
methodical aspects and general tendencies. In: Radeva T (ed) Physical chemistry of polyelectrolytes. Dekker, New York
12. Fleer GJ, Cohen Stuart MA, Scheutjens JMHM et al (1993) Electrostatic effects: charged
surfaces and polyelectrolyte adsorption. In: Polymers at interfaces. Chapman & Hall, London
13. Norde W (2003) Colloids and interfaces in life science. Marcel Dekker, New York
14. Van de Ven TGM (1989) Colloidal hydrodynamics. Academic, San Diego
15. Shubin V, Linse P (1995) Effect of electrolytes on adsorption of cationic polyacrylamide on
silica: ellipsometric study and theoretical modeling. J Phys Chem 99:1285–1291
16. Linse P, Wennerstro ¨m H (2012) Adsorption versus aggregation. Particles and surface of the
same material. Soft Matter 8:2486–2493
17. Ondaral S, Ankerfors C, O ¨ dberg L et al (2010) Surface-induced rearrangement of polyelectrolyte complexes: influence of complex composition on adsorbed layer properties. Langmuir
26:14606–14614
18. Alince B, Kinkal J, Bednar F et al (2002) The role of “free charge” in the deposition of latex
particles onto pulp fibers. In: Daniels ES, Sudol ED, El-Aasser MS (eds) ACS Symp Ser.
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Tailoring of Wood Fibre Surfaces
21