Table 1 Immobilized microorganisms and/or enzymes in cryogels, listed according to application
Cell
Product
Comment
References
Production of chemicals
Kluyveromyces marxianus
Ethanol
PVA gels compared to alginate
PVA-cryogels were superior in continuous or
semicontinuous operation
[5]
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Acetone-butanolethanol (ABE)
Algal biomass was converted
into biofuel. Different algal
species gave different product profiles
[6]
Corynebacterium glutamicum L-Lysine
PVA-cryogel
[7]
Rhizopus oryze
Lactic acid
–
[8, 9]
Humicola lutea
Acid proteinase
Entrapped spores were germinated. Entrapment in PVA
together with N,N0 -methylenebisacrylamide
and PEG
[10]
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Oxidation of Fe
3+
PVA-cryogel
[11]
Bacillus agaradhaerens
β-Cyclodextrin
Integrated immobilized cellreactor adsorption system
[12]
Aspergillus sp.
Extracellular
enzymes
Repeated use of immobilized
preparation showing high
productivity
[13]
Bacillus pumilus
Prednisolon
Immobilized in PVA-cryogel
produced by radiation
polymerization
[14]
Bacillus subtilis
Proteinase
Repeated batch processes
[15]
Saccharomyces sp.
Beer
Cells immobilized in
PVA-particles
[16]
Escherichia coli
Biodegradation of
organophosphate
neurotoxin
Recombinant cells in
PVA-cryogel
[17]
Arthrobacter globiformis
Dehydrogenation
of steroids
–
[ 18]
Aspergillus clavolans
Ribonuclease
Bubble column bioreactor
[19]
Champagne yeasts
Champagne
–
[20]
Enzymes
Laccase
Treatment of apple
juice
Improving juice quality by
treatment with immobilized
laccase
[21]
Proteases
Hydrolysis of
proteins
Proteases immobilized in albumin/chitosan gel
[22]
Naranginase
Debittering of
juice
Enzyme immobilized in
PVA-cryogel
[23]
Acetylcholineesterase + PEGmodified choline oxidase
Analysis of
acetylcholine
Co-immobilized enzymes
[24]
(continued)
Cryogels for Biotechnological Applications
249
Cell
Product
Comment
References
Production of chemicals
Kluyveromyces marxianus
Ethanol
PVA gels compared to alginate
PVA-cryogels were superior in continuous or
semicontinuous operation
[5]
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Acetone-butanolethanol (ABE)
Algal biomass was converted
into biofuel. Different algal
species gave different product profiles
[6]
Corynebacterium glutamicum L-Lysine
PVA-cryogel
[7]
Rhizopus oryze
Lactic acid
–
[8, 9]
Humicola lutea
Acid proteinase
Entrapped spores were germinated. Entrapment in PVA
together with N,N0 -methylenebisacrylamide
and PEG
[10]
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Oxidation of Fe
3+
PVA-cryogel
[11]
Bacillus agaradhaerens
β-Cyclodextrin
Integrated immobilized cellreactor adsorption system
[12]
Aspergillus sp.
Extracellular
enzymes
Repeated use of immobilized
preparation showing high
productivity
[13]
Bacillus pumilus
Prednisolon
Immobilized in PVA-cryogel
produced by radiation
polymerization
[14]
Bacillus subtilis
Proteinase
Repeated batch processes
[15]
Saccharomyces sp.
Beer
Cells immobilized in
PVA-particles
[16]
Escherichia coli
Biodegradation of
organophosphate
neurotoxin
Recombinant cells in
PVA-cryogel
[17]
Arthrobacter globiformis
Dehydrogenation
of steroids
–
[ 18]
Aspergillus clavolans
Ribonuclease
Bubble column bioreactor
[19]
Champagne yeasts
Champagne
–
[20]
Enzymes
Laccase
Treatment of apple
juice
Improving juice quality by
treatment with immobilized
laccase
[21]
Proteases
Hydrolysis of
proteins
Proteases immobilized in albumin/chitosan gel
[22]
Naranginase
Debittering of
juice
Enzyme immobilized in
PVA-cryogel
[23]
Acetylcholineesterase + PEGmodified choline oxidase
Analysis of
acetylcholine
Co-immobilized enzymes
[24]
(continued)
Cryogels for Biotechnological Applications
249