Table 3 Summary of studies related to the TiO 2 -nanoparticles applications in agriculture
Plant species
Particles size and Treatment
Impacts
References
3A. TiO 2 nanoparticles as plant growth promoters
Vigna radiata L.
(Mung bean)
10–15 nm; 10 ppm foliar spray Enhanced germination rate, reduced germination time, increased
growth of root and shoot, number of root nodules and chlorophyll
content; improved population and enzymatic activity of
rhizospheric microbes.
Raliya et al.
(2015a)
Glycine max L.
(Soybean)
0.03–0.05%
0.05% treatment enhanced height as well as dry weight
Rezaei et al.
(2015)
Triticum aestivum L.
(Wheat)
<100 nm; 0, 20,40, 60, 80 100
mg kg
−1
, 60 days, soil
Increased chlorophyll content and root-shoot biomass up to 80
mg kg
−1
Rafique et al.
(2018)
Nicotiana tabaccum
L. (Tobacco)
<25nm, 0, 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5%
Reduction in biomass, inhibition of seed germination and root
growth, up-regulation of gene for alcohol dehydrogenase and
APX
Frazier et al.
(2014)
Spinacia oleracea L.
(Spinach)
0.25–6 %, rutile
Increased rate of seed germination and vigor index in aged seeds;
enhanced chlorophyll content, Rubisco enzyme activity, rate of
photosynthetic and plant growth.
Zheng et al.
(2005)
Cicer arietinum L.
(Chickpea)
7–40 nm, 2–10 mg kg
−1
Improved plant growth and development by reducing electrolytic
leakage ; increased MDA content
Mohammadi
et al. (2014)
Triticum aestivum L.
(Wheat)
21 nm; 0,1,2,10,100, 500 mg
l
−1
Lower concentrations increased growth of shoot and root in
seedlings
Feizi et al.
(2012)
Cucumis sativus L.
(Cucumber)
27 ± 4 nm, 0, 250, 500, 750
mg kg
−1
Increased CAT activity in leaves; increased P and K content in
fruit
Servin et al.
(2013)
Brassica napus,
(Canola)
20 nm; 2000 mg l
−1
Improved seed germination and seed vigor; increased chlorophyll
content
Mahmoodzadeh
et al. (2013)
Solanum
lycopersicum
(Tomato)
16 nm, 0.05–0.2 mg l
−1
Enhanced photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal
conductance
Qi et al. (2013)
Spinacea oleracea L.
(Spinach)
4–6 nm, 0.25%
Enhanced plant growth and activity of enzymatic activity of
glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamic
pyruvic transaminase
Yang et al.
(2006)
Allium cepa L.
(Onion),
Lycopersicum
esulentumL.
(Tomato), Raphanus
sativus L. (Radish)
0, 100, 200, and 400 mg l
−1
Showed positive effect on seed germination and seedling growth
with 100% germination at 100 mg kg
−1 in tomato while at 400
mgkg
−1 in radish.
Haghighi and
Silva (2014)
Solanum
lycopersicumL.
(Tomato)
25 nm, concentrations 0–1000
mg kg
−1
; Aerosol and
soil-mediated application
Promoted plant’s growth and development at low concentrations;
increased seed germination; root length plant height of
soil-treated plants significantly up to 250 mg kg
−1 while foliar
application decreased root length; chlorophyll increased up to
500 mg kg
−1
Raliya et al.
(2015b)
Zea mays L. (Maize) titanium dioxide bulk and
0.01% and 0.03%., spray
Increase chlorophyll content and carotenoids, anthocyanin;
facilitate an increase in crop yield as number of male and female
flowers increased
Morteza et al.
(2013)
Brassica napusL.
anatase/rutile −80:20; 27 nm;
Foliar spray, 0, 500, 2500, 4000
mg l
−1
Enhanced root length, short length, fresh weight; increased
photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity,
enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
Li et al. (2015)
Solanum
lycopersicum L. and
Vigna radiata L.
activated carbon-based TiO 2 ,
30-50 nm, concentrations 0–
500 mg l
−1
Promote seed germination and reduce germination time
Singh et al.
(2016)
Forms of TiO 2 -NPs
Pathogen/disease
Impacts
References
3B. TiO 2 nanoparticles as protecting agents against pathogens and diseases
Light activated
nanoscale formulation
of TiO 2 with Ag and
Zn
n-TiO 2 formulation with Ag and
Zn on Xanthomonas perforans
to control bacterial spot disease
in tomato
TiO 2 /Ag and TiO 2 /Zn showed higher photocatalytic activity in
comparison to control against X. perforans; mixture effectively
controlled the disease without impacting tomato yield.
Paret et al.
(2012)
(continued)
Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles …
63
Plant species
Particles size and Treatment
Impacts
References
3A. TiO 2 nanoparticles as plant growth promoters
Vigna radiata L.
(Mung bean)
10–15 nm; 10 ppm foliar spray Enhanced germination rate, reduced germination time, increased
growth of root and shoot, number of root nodules and chlorophyll
content; improved population and enzymatic activity of
rhizospheric microbes.
Raliya et al.
(2015a)
Glycine max L.
(Soybean)
0.03–0.05%
0.05% treatment enhanced height as well as dry weight
Rezaei et al.
(2015)
Triticum aestivum L.
(Wheat)
<100 nm; 0, 20,40, 60, 80 100
mg kg
−1
, 60 days, soil
Increased chlorophyll content and root-shoot biomass up to 80
mg kg
−1
Rafique et al.
(2018)
Nicotiana tabaccum
L. (Tobacco)
<25nm, 0, 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5%
Reduction in biomass, inhibition of seed germination and root
growth, up-regulation of gene for alcohol dehydrogenase and
APX
Frazier et al.
(2014)
Spinacia oleracea L.
(Spinach)
0.25–6 %, rutile
Increased rate of seed germination and vigor index in aged seeds;
enhanced chlorophyll content, Rubisco enzyme activity, rate of
photosynthetic and plant growth.
Zheng et al.
(2005)
Cicer arietinum L.
(Chickpea)
7–40 nm, 2–10 mg kg
−1
Improved plant growth and development by reducing electrolytic
leakage ; increased MDA content
Mohammadi
et al. (2014)
Triticum aestivum L.
(Wheat)
21 nm; 0,1,2,10,100, 500 mg
l
−1
Lower concentrations increased growth of shoot and root in
seedlings
Feizi et al.
(2012)
Cucumis sativus L.
(Cucumber)
27 ± 4 nm, 0, 250, 500, 750
mg kg
−1
Increased CAT activity in leaves; increased P and K content in
fruit
Servin et al.
(2013)
Brassica napus,
(Canola)
20 nm; 2000 mg l
−1
Improved seed germination and seed vigor; increased chlorophyll
content
Mahmoodzadeh
et al. (2013)
Solanum
lycopersicum
(Tomato)
16 nm, 0.05–0.2 mg l
−1
Enhanced photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal
conductance
Qi et al. (2013)
Spinacea oleracea L.
(Spinach)
4–6 nm, 0.25%
Enhanced plant growth and activity of enzymatic activity of
glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamic
pyruvic transaminase
Yang et al.
(2006)
Allium cepa L.
(Onion),
Lycopersicum
esulentumL.
(Tomato), Raphanus
sativus L. (Radish)
0, 100, 200, and 400 mg l
−1
Showed positive effect on seed germination and seedling growth
with 100% germination at 100 mg kg
−1 in tomato while at 400
mgkg
−1 in radish.
Haghighi and
Silva (2014)
Solanum
lycopersicumL.
(Tomato)
25 nm, concentrations 0–1000
mg kg
−1
; Aerosol and
soil-mediated application
Promoted plant’s growth and development at low concentrations;
increased seed germination; root length plant height of
soil-treated plants significantly up to 250 mg kg
−1 while foliar
application decreased root length; chlorophyll increased up to
500 mg kg
−1
Raliya et al.
(2015b)
Zea mays L. (Maize) titanium dioxide bulk and
0.01% and 0.03%., spray
Increase chlorophyll content and carotenoids, anthocyanin;
facilitate an increase in crop yield as number of male and female
flowers increased
Morteza et al.
(2013)
Brassica napusL.
anatase/rutile −80:20; 27 nm;
Foliar spray, 0, 500, 2500, 4000
mg l
−1
Enhanced root length, short length, fresh weight; increased
photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity,
enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
Li et al. (2015)
Solanum
lycopersicum L. and
Vigna radiata L.
activated carbon-based TiO 2 ,
30-50 nm, concentrations 0–
500 mg l
−1
Promote seed germination and reduce germination time
Singh et al.
(2016)
Forms of TiO 2 -NPs
Pathogen/disease
Impacts
References
3B. TiO 2 nanoparticles as protecting agents against pathogens and diseases
Light activated
nanoscale formulation
of TiO 2 with Ag and
Zn
n-TiO 2 formulation with Ag and
Zn on Xanthomonas perforans
to control bacterial spot disease
in tomato
TiO 2 /Ag and TiO 2 /Zn showed higher photocatalytic activity in
comparison to control against X. perforans; mixture effectively
controlled the disease without impacting tomato yield.
Paret et al.
(2012)
(continued)
Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles …
63